Contents
Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
v
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xiii
Introduction .............................................. .
Michael T. Arts and Bruce C. Wainman
1. Determination of Total Lipid, Lipid Classes, and Fatty Acids in
Aquatic Samples ...........................................
4
Christopher C. Parrish
1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.2. Results and Discussion ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
1.2.1. Sampling and Storage .............................
7
1.2.2. Lipid Extraction ..................................
8
1.2.3. Determination of Total Lipid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
1.2.4. Determination of Lipid Classes ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
1.2.5. Determination of Fatty Acids and Carbon
Number Profiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
1.3. Conclusion... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
References ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
2. Fatty Acids as Trophic and Chemical Markers
in Freshwater Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Guillermo E. Napolitano
2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
2.2. Nomenclature .........................................
22
2.3. Characteristics of Fatty Acid Markers for Trophic Studies . . . . . .
22
2.4. Primary Sources and Trophic Transfer of Fatty Acids .........
23
2.4.1. Fatty Acid Composition of Algae and Cyanobacteria ....
23
2.4.2. Fatty Acids as Trophic Markers
of Algae and Cyanobacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
2.4.3. Fatty Acid Composition of Bacteria ..................
29
2.4.4. Fatty Acids as Trophic Markers of Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
vii
Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
v
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xiii
Introduction .............................................. .
Michael T. Arts and Bruce C. Wainman
1. Determination of Total Lipid, Lipid Classes, and Fatty Acids in
Aquatic Samples ...........................................
4
Christopher C. Parrish
1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.2. Results and Discussion ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
1.2.1. Sampling and Storage .............................
7
1.2.2. Lipid Extraction ..................................
8
1.2.3. Determination of Total Lipid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
1.2.4. Determination of Lipid Classes ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
1.2.5. Determination of Fatty Acids and Carbon
Number Profiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
1.3. Conclusion... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
References ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
2. Fatty Acids as Trophic and Chemical Markers
in Freshwater Ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Guillermo E. Napolitano
2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
2.2. Nomenclature .........................................
22
2.3. Characteristics of Fatty Acid Markers for Trophic Studies . . . . . .
22
2.4. Primary Sources and Trophic Transfer of Fatty Acids .........
23
2.4.1. Fatty Acid Composition of Algae and Cyanobacteria ....
23
2.4.2. Fatty Acids as Trophic Markers
of Algae and Cyanobacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
2.4.3. Fatty Acid Composition of Bacteria ..................
29
2.4.4. Fatty Acids as Trophic Markers of Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
vii