126
J.P. Cavaletto and W.S. Gardner
Benthic or epibenthic macroinvertebrate species that generally reside in nearshore zones do not usually accumulate as much reserve lipid or have as great of
variation in lipid levels as the macrobenthic invertebrate species that reside in the
profundal zone (Fig. 6.7). Usually, nearshore areas are more productive and may
provide a more constant food supply to the benthic community. In addition, a
reduction in metabolic rate during the "cold" season may conserve energy during
this time of the year. Lipid levels often do increase seasonally but do not normally
reach the maximum lipid levels found in Diporeia and Mysis (Fig. 6.7). The
increase in lipid levels in chironomids and zebra mussels appears to be related to
spring phytoplankton input, and the lipids are then allocated for reproduction.
Lipid levels also increased in the amphipods Hyalella azteca and Gammarus
lacustris and in aquatic insect larvae prior to reproduction. The Tubificidae and
Stylodrilus heringianus differ due to their lack of seasonal variation in lipid
reserves. The oligochaete mode of feeding apparently provides them with a relatively constant supply of subsurface bacteria and detritus throughout the year in
either nearshore or profundal zones.
Acknowledgments. We thank K. Adare, M. Quigley, and T. Nalepa for use of their
figures; T. Nalepa and P. Lavrentyev for their helpful comments; C. Darnell for
editorial assistance; and J. R. Sargent for reviewing this manuscript. This chapter
is GLERL contribution 1027.
References
Adare, K.I.; Lasenby, D.C. Seasonal changes in the total lipid content of the opossum
shrimp, Mysis relicta (Malacostraca: Mysidacea). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51:19351941; 1994.
Appleby, A.G.; Brinkhurst, RO. Defecation rate of three tubificid oligochaetes found in the
sediment of Toronto Harbour, Ontario. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 27:1971-1982; 1970.
Arts, M.T.; Ferguson, M.E.; G1ozier, N.E.; Robarts, RD.; Donald, D.B. Spatial and temporal variability in lipid dynamics of common amphipods: assessing the potential for
uptake of lipophilic contaminants. Ecotoxicology 4:91-113; 1995.
Bayne, B.L.; Brown, D.A.; Burns, K.; Dixon, D.R; Ivanovici, A.; Livingstone, D.R;
Lowe, D.M.; Moore, M.N.; Stebbing, A.RD.; Widdows, J. The Effects of Stress and
Pollution on Marine Animals. New York: Praeger; 1985.
Beattie, D.M. Life-cycle and changes in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids of Pentapedilum
uncinatum Goet. (Diptera; Chironomidae). Freshwat. BioI. 8:109-113; 1978.
Beeton, A.M. The vertical migration of Mysis relicta in Lakes Huron and Michigan. J. Fish.
Res. Bd. Can. 17:517-539; 1960.
Beeton, A.M.; Gannon, J.E. Effect of environment on reproduction and growth of Mysis
relicta. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 9:144-148; 1991.
Bell, J.G.; Ghioni, c.; Sargent, J.R Fatty acid compositions of 10 freshwater invertebrates
which are natural food organisms of Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar): a comparison
with commercial diets. Aquaculture 128:301-313; 1994.
Berrill, M.; Lasenby, D.C. Life cycle ofthe freshwater mysid shrimp Mysis relicta reared at
two temperatures. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112:551-553; 1983.
J.P. Cavaletto and W.S. Gardner
Benthic or epibenthic macroinvertebrate species that generally reside in nearshore zones do not usually accumulate as much reserve lipid or have as great of
variation in lipid levels as the macrobenthic invertebrate species that reside in the
profundal zone (Fig. 6.7). Usually, nearshore areas are more productive and may
provide a more constant food supply to the benthic community. In addition, a
reduction in metabolic rate during the "cold" season may conserve energy during
this time of the year. Lipid levels often do increase seasonally but do not normally
reach the maximum lipid levels found in Diporeia and Mysis (Fig. 6.7). The
increase in lipid levels in chironomids and zebra mussels appears to be related to
spring phytoplankton input, and the lipids are then allocated for reproduction.
Lipid levels also increased in the amphipods Hyalella azteca and Gammarus
lacustris and in aquatic insect larvae prior to reproduction. The Tubificidae and
Stylodrilus heringianus differ due to their lack of seasonal variation in lipid
reserves. The oligochaete mode of feeding apparently provides them with a relatively constant supply of subsurface bacteria and detritus throughout the year in
either nearshore or profundal zones.
Acknowledgments. We thank K. Adare, M. Quigley, and T. Nalepa for use of their
figures; T. Nalepa and P. Lavrentyev for their helpful comments; C. Darnell for
editorial assistance; and J. R. Sargent for reviewing this manuscript. This chapter
is GLERL contribution 1027.
References
Adare, K.I.; Lasenby, D.C. Seasonal changes in the total lipid content of the opossum
shrimp, Mysis relicta (Malacostraca: Mysidacea). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51:19351941; 1994.
Appleby, A.G.; Brinkhurst, RO. Defecation rate of three tubificid oligochaetes found in the
sediment of Toronto Harbour, Ontario. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 27:1971-1982; 1970.
Arts, M.T.; Ferguson, M.E.; G1ozier, N.E.; Robarts, RD.; Donald, D.B. Spatial and temporal variability in lipid dynamics of common amphipods: assessing the potential for
uptake of lipophilic contaminants. Ecotoxicology 4:91-113; 1995.
Bayne, B.L.; Brown, D.A.; Burns, K.; Dixon, D.R; Ivanovici, A.; Livingstone, D.R;
Lowe, D.M.; Moore, M.N.; Stebbing, A.RD.; Widdows, J. The Effects of Stress and
Pollution on Marine Animals. New York: Praeger; 1985.
Beattie, D.M. Life-cycle and changes in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids of Pentapedilum
uncinatum Goet. (Diptera; Chironomidae). Freshwat. BioI. 8:109-113; 1978.
Beeton, A.M. The vertical migration of Mysis relicta in Lakes Huron and Michigan. J. Fish.
Res. Bd. Can. 17:517-539; 1960.
Beeton, A.M.; Gannon, J.E. Effect of environment on reproduction and growth of Mysis
relicta. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 9:144-148; 1991.
Bell, J.G.; Ghioni, c.; Sargent, J.R Fatty acid compositions of 10 freshwater invertebrates
which are natural food organisms of Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar): a comparison
with commercial diets. Aquaculture 128:301-313; 1994.
Berrill, M.; Lasenby, D.C. Life cycle ofthe freshwater mysid shrimp Mysis relicta reared at
two temperatures. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112:551-553; 1983.