50
murine hybridoma cell line and was found to be effective in stroke and myocardial
infarctions (Ali et al. 2014) (Fig. 2.3).
2.2.1.6 Streptokinase (SK)
Streptokinase (SK) is a microbial plasminogen activator produced by different
strains of β- haemolytic streptococci. It is a single-chain polypeptide of molecular
mass 47 kDa. Streptokinase protein binds with plasminogen and converts it into
fibrinolytic plasmin. SK has a better half-life of 18 min compared to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (Ali et al. 2014). SK elicits antigenic reactions such as
hypotension and anaphylactic reactions. Upon treatment with SK, incidence of
intracranial haemorrhage and bleeding complications is common (Goa et al. 1990).
Many streptokinase-based thrombolytic drugs are available in the market such as
Streptase
®
, Kabikinase
®
, Heberkinasa
®
, etc., and Heberkinasa
®
is a recombinant
streptokinase. Despite substantial limitations with streptokinase therapy, its easy
availability and lower cost make it a drug of choice for thrombolytic therapy in
many underdeveloped countries.
2.2.1.7 Anistreplase
Anistreplase (anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex, (APSAC))
is a mixture of human plasminogen with an active site protected by acylation and
streptokinase. Upon injection, the acyl group would be removed, leaving the
plasminogen- streptokinase complex. This complex has more specificity towards
plasminogen bound to clot. Unlike streptokinase which is inactive until circulating
plasminogen binds, APSAC is a readily available plasminogen activator and doesn’t
require prolonged infusion. APSAC has a longer half-life (Smith et al. 1981). Its
commercial name is Eminase
®
. Adverse effects associated with APSAC are similar
to those of streptokinase. However, this product has recently been discontinued
from application in the USA.
Fig. 2.3 Crystal structure
of urokinase type
plasminogen activator (pdb
id: 1 W11)
S.S. Kumar and S. Abdulhameed
murine hybridoma cell line and was found to be effective in stroke and myocardial
infarctions (Ali et al. 2014) (Fig. 2.3).
2.2.1.6 Streptokinase (SK)
Streptokinase (SK) is a microbial plasminogen activator produced by different
strains of β- haemolytic streptococci. It is a single-chain polypeptide of molecular
mass 47 kDa. Streptokinase protein binds with plasminogen and converts it into
fibrinolytic plasmin. SK has a better half-life of 18 min compared to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (Ali et al. 2014). SK elicits antigenic reactions such as
hypotension and anaphylactic reactions. Upon treatment with SK, incidence of
intracranial haemorrhage and bleeding complications is common (Goa et al. 1990).
Many streptokinase-based thrombolytic drugs are available in the market such as
Streptase
®
, Kabikinase
®
, Heberkinasa
®
, etc., and Heberkinasa
®
is a recombinant
streptokinase. Despite substantial limitations with streptokinase therapy, its easy
availability and lower cost make it a drug of choice for thrombolytic therapy in
many underdeveloped countries.
2.2.1.7 Anistreplase
Anistreplase (anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex, (APSAC))
is a mixture of human plasminogen with an active site protected by acylation and
streptokinase. Upon injection, the acyl group would be removed, leaving the
plasminogen- streptokinase complex. This complex has more specificity towards
plasminogen bound to clot. Unlike streptokinase which is inactive until circulating
plasminogen binds, APSAC is a readily available plasminogen activator and doesn’t
require prolonged infusion. APSAC has a longer half-life (Smith et al. 1981). Its
commercial name is Eminase
®
. Adverse effects associated with APSAC are similar
to those of streptokinase. However, this product has recently been discontinued
from application in the USA.
Fig. 2.3 Crystal structure
of urokinase type
plasminogen activator (pdb
id: 1 W11)
S.S. Kumar and S. Abdulhameed