401
Dahan S, Roth-Walter F, Arnaboldi P, Agarwal S, Mayer L (2007) Epithelia: lymphocyte interactions in the gut. Immunol Rev 215:243–553
de Vrese M, Schrezenmeir J (2008) Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Adv Biochem Eng
Biotechnol 111:1–66
Del Giudice MM, Decimo F, Leonardi S, Maioello N, Amelio R, Capasso A, Capristo C, Capristo
AF (2006) Immune dysregulation in atopic dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 27(6):451–455
Delneste Y, Donnet-Hughes A, Schiffrin EJ (1998) Functional foods: mechanisms of action on
immunocompetent cells. Nutr Rev 56:S93–S98
Drisko J, Bischoff B, Giles C, Adelson M, Rao RV, McCallum R (2005) Evaluation of five probiotic products for label claims by DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction analysis. Dig
Dis Sci 50(6):1113–1117
Dugas B, Mercenier A, Lenoir-Wijnkroop I (1999) Immunity and probiotics. Immunol Today
57:387–390
Falagas ME, Betsi GI, Athanasiou S (2007) Probiotics for the treatment of women with bacterial
vaginosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 13:657–664
FAO/WHO (2001) Expert consultation report on evaluation of health and nutritional properties of
probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria, Cόrdoba, Argentina,
1–4 October 2001. Available at: ftp://ftp.fao.org/es/esn/food/probio_report_en.pdf
FAO/WHO (2002) Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in
Food. Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food: report of a Joint FAO/WHO Working
Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food, London, Ontario,
Canada, April 30 and May 1, 2002. Available at: ftp://ftp.fao.org/es/esn/food/wgreport 2.pdf
Fearon ER, Vogelstein B (1990) A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61:759–767
Fernández MF, Boris S, Barbés C (2003) Probiotic properties of human lactobacilli strains to be
used in the gastrointestinal tract. J Appl Microbiol 94:449–455
Fuller R (1993) Probiotic foods: current use and future developments. Int Food Ingr 3:23–26
Gao Z, Tseng CH, Strober BE, Pei Z, Blaser MJ (2008) Substantial alterations of the cutaneous
bacterial biota in psoriatic lesions. PLoS One 3:e2719
Gaskins HR (1997) Immunological aspects of host/microbiota interactions at the intestinal epithelium. In: Mackie RI, White BA, Isaacson RE (eds) Gastrointestinal microbiology. International
Thomson, New York, pp 537–587
Gasser F (1994) Safety of lactic-acid bacteria and their occurrence in human clinical infections.
Bull Inst Pasteur 92:45–67
Gill HS, Guarner F (2004) Probiotics and human health: a clinical perspective. Postgrad Med
J 80:516–526
Gill HS, Rutherfurd KJ, Cross ML (2001) Dietary probiotic supplementation enhances natural
killer cell activity in the elderly: an investigation of age-related immunological changes. J Clin
Immunol 21:264–271
Gorbach S, Chang TW, Goldin B (1987) Successful treatment of relapsing Clostridium difficile
colitis with lactobacillus GG. Lancet 2(8574):1519
Guarino A (1998) Effects of probiotics in children with cystic fibrosis. Gastroenterol Int 11:91
Guarner F, Bourdet-Sicard R, Brandtzaeg P, Gill HS, McGuirk P, van Eden W, Verralovic J,
Weinstock JV, Rook GA (2006a) Mechanisms of disease: the hygiene hypothesis revisited. Nat
Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 3:275–284
Hacini-Rachinel F, Gheit H, Le Luduec JB, Dif F, Nancey S, Kaiserlian D (2009) Oral probiotic
control skin inflammation by acting on both effector and regulatory T cells. PLoS One 4:4903
Haller D, Bode C, Hammes WP, Pfeifer AM, Schiffrin EJ, Blum S (2000) Non-pathogenic bacteria
elicit a differential cytokine response by intestinal epithelial cell/leucocyte co-cultures. Gut
47:79–87
Hardy H, Harris J, Eleanor L, Beal J, Foey AD (2013) Probiotics, prebiotics and immunomodulation of gut mucosal defences: homeostasis and immunopathology. Nutrients 5(6):1869–1912
16 Probiotics
Dahan S, Roth-Walter F, Arnaboldi P, Agarwal S, Mayer L (2007) Epithelia: lymphocyte interactions in the gut. Immunol Rev 215:243–553
de Vrese M, Schrezenmeir J (2008) Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Adv Biochem Eng
Biotechnol 111:1–66
Del Giudice MM, Decimo F, Leonardi S, Maioello N, Amelio R, Capasso A, Capristo C, Capristo
AF (2006) Immune dysregulation in atopic dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 27(6):451–455
Delneste Y, Donnet-Hughes A, Schiffrin EJ (1998) Functional foods: mechanisms of action on
immunocompetent cells. Nutr Rev 56:S93–S98
Drisko J, Bischoff B, Giles C, Adelson M, Rao RV, McCallum R (2005) Evaluation of five probiotic products for label claims by DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction analysis. Dig
Dis Sci 50(6):1113–1117
Dugas B, Mercenier A, Lenoir-Wijnkroop I (1999) Immunity and probiotics. Immunol Today
57:387–390
Falagas ME, Betsi GI, Athanasiou S (2007) Probiotics for the treatment of women with bacterial
vaginosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 13:657–664
FAO/WHO (2001) Expert consultation report on evaluation of health and nutritional properties of
probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria, Cόrdoba, Argentina,
1–4 October 2001. Available at: ftp://ftp.fao.org/es/esn/food/probio_report_en.pdf
FAO/WHO (2002) Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in
Food. Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food: report of a Joint FAO/WHO Working
Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food, London, Ontario,
Canada, April 30 and May 1, 2002. Available at: ftp://ftp.fao.org/es/esn/food/wgreport 2.pdf
Fearon ER, Vogelstein B (1990) A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61:759–767
Fernández MF, Boris S, Barbés C (2003) Probiotic properties of human lactobacilli strains to be
used in the gastrointestinal tract. J Appl Microbiol 94:449–455
Fuller R (1993) Probiotic foods: current use and future developments. Int Food Ingr 3:23–26
Gao Z, Tseng CH, Strober BE, Pei Z, Blaser MJ (2008) Substantial alterations of the cutaneous
bacterial biota in psoriatic lesions. PLoS One 3:e2719
Gaskins HR (1997) Immunological aspects of host/microbiota interactions at the intestinal epithelium. In: Mackie RI, White BA, Isaacson RE (eds) Gastrointestinal microbiology. International
Thomson, New York, pp 537–587
Gasser F (1994) Safety of lactic-acid bacteria and their occurrence in human clinical infections.
Bull Inst Pasteur 92:45–67
Gill HS, Guarner F (2004) Probiotics and human health: a clinical perspective. Postgrad Med
J 80:516–526
Gill HS, Rutherfurd KJ, Cross ML (2001) Dietary probiotic supplementation enhances natural
killer cell activity in the elderly: an investigation of age-related immunological changes. J Clin
Immunol 21:264–271
Gorbach S, Chang TW, Goldin B (1987) Successful treatment of relapsing Clostridium difficile
colitis with lactobacillus GG. Lancet 2(8574):1519
Guarino A (1998) Effects of probiotics in children with cystic fibrosis. Gastroenterol Int 11:91
Guarner F, Bourdet-Sicard R, Brandtzaeg P, Gill HS, McGuirk P, van Eden W, Verralovic J,
Weinstock JV, Rook GA (2006a) Mechanisms of disease: the hygiene hypothesis revisited. Nat
Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 3:275–284
Hacini-Rachinel F, Gheit H, Le Luduec JB, Dif F, Nancey S, Kaiserlian D (2009) Oral probiotic
control skin inflammation by acting on both effector and regulatory T cells. PLoS One 4:4903
Haller D, Bode C, Hammes WP, Pfeifer AM, Schiffrin EJ, Blum S (2000) Non-pathogenic bacteria
elicit a differential cytokine response by intestinal epithelial cell/leucocyte co-cultures. Gut
47:79–87
Hardy H, Harris J, Eleanor L, Beal J, Foey AD (2013) Probiotics, prebiotics and immunomodulation of gut mucosal defences: homeostasis and immunopathology. Nutrients 5(6):1869–1912
16 Probiotics