376
15.6.4 Inhalable Microparticles
Another promising antimycobacterial is the inhalable microparticles (MP). Lawlor
et al. (2016) have developed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs that reduced
bacillary counts in H37Rv-infected THP1 cells ex vivo through an NFκB-mediated
autophagy (Krensky and Clayberger 2009). These MPs can act as vectors to transport anti-TB agents. The advantage of using MPs is the ease of penetrating the
human alveolar macrophages.
References
Agerberth B, Lee JY, Bergman T, Carlquist M, Boman HG, Mutt V, Jornvall H (1991) Amino acid
sequence of PR-39. Isolation from pig intestine of a new member of the family of prolinearginine- rich antibacterial peptides. Eur J Biochem 202:849–854
Ahlstedt (1995) Clinical application of eosinophilic cationic protein in asthma. Allergy Asthma
Proc 16:59–62
Alonso S, Pethe K, Russell DG, Purdy GE (2007) Lysosomal killing of Mycobacterium mediated by ubiquitin-derived peptides is enhanced by autophagy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
104:6031–6036
Andreu D, Carreno C, Linde C, Boman HG, Andersson M (1999) Identification of an antimycobacterial domain in NK-lysin and granulysin. Biochem J 344(Pt 3):845–849
Boix E, Salazar VA, Torrent M, Pulido D, Nogués MV, Moussaoui M (2012) Structural determinants of the eosinophil cationic protein antimicrobial activity. Biol Chem 393:801–815
Boman HG, Agerberth B, Boman A (1993) Mechanisms of action on Escherichia coli of cecropin
P1 and PR-39, two antibacterial peptides from pig intestine. Infect Immun 61:2978–2984
Bowdish DM, Davidson DJ, Hancock RE (2006) Immunomodulatory properties of defensins and
cathelicidins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 306:27–66
Brennan PJ (2003) Structure, function, and biogenesis of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinburgh) 83:91–97
Brogden KA, Ackermann M, McCray PB Jr, Tack BF (2003) Antimicrobial peptides in animals
and their role in host defences. Int J Antimicrob Agents 22:465–478
Bystrom J, Amin K, Bishop-Bailey D (2011) Analysing the eosinophil cationic protein – a clue to
the function of the eosinophil granulocyte. Respir Res 12:10
Carmona G, Rodriguez A, Juarez D, Corzo G, Villegas E (2013) Improved protease stability of the
antimicrobial peptide Pin2 substituted with D-amino acids. Protein J 32:456–466
Carroll J, Draper LA, O’Connor PM, Coffey A, Hill C, Ross RP, Cotter PD, O’Mahony J (2012)
Comparison of the activities of the lantibiotics nisin and lacticin 3147 against clinically significant mycobacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 36:132–136
Castaneda-Sanchez JI, Garcia-Perez BE, Munoz-Duarte AR, Baltierra-Uribe SL, Mejia-Lopez H,
Lopez-Lopez C, Bautista-De Lucio VM, Robles-Contreras A, Luna-Herrera J (2013) Defensin
production by human limbo-corneal fibroblasts infected with mycobacteria. Pathogens 2:13–32
Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP (2005) Bacteriocins: developing innate immunity for food. Nat Rev
Microbiol 3:777–788
de Oliveira PC, de Lima PO, Oliveira DT, Pereira MC (2012) Eosinophil cationic protein: overview of biological and genetic features. DNA Cell Biol 31:1442–1446
Duplantier AJ, van Hoek ML (2013) The human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37 as a
potential treatment for polymicrobial infected wounds. Front Immunol 4:143
Foss MH, Powers KM, Purdy GE (2012) Structural and functional characterization of mycobactericidal ubiquitin-derived peptides in model and bacterial membranes. Biochemistry
51:9922–9929
S.M. Thayil and A.K. Kesavan
15.6.4 Inhalable Microparticles
Another promising antimycobacterial is the inhalable microparticles (MP). Lawlor
et al. (2016) have developed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs that reduced
bacillary counts in H37Rv-infected THP1 cells ex vivo through an NFκB-mediated
autophagy (Krensky and Clayberger 2009). These MPs can act as vectors to transport anti-TB agents. The advantage of using MPs is the ease of penetrating the
human alveolar macrophages.
References
Agerberth B, Lee JY, Bergman T, Carlquist M, Boman HG, Mutt V, Jornvall H (1991) Amino acid
sequence of PR-39. Isolation from pig intestine of a new member of the family of prolinearginine- rich antibacterial peptides. Eur J Biochem 202:849–854
Ahlstedt (1995) Clinical application of eosinophilic cationic protein in asthma. Allergy Asthma
Proc 16:59–62
Alonso S, Pethe K, Russell DG, Purdy GE (2007) Lysosomal killing of Mycobacterium mediated by ubiquitin-derived peptides is enhanced by autophagy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
104:6031–6036
Andreu D, Carreno C, Linde C, Boman HG, Andersson M (1999) Identification of an antimycobacterial domain in NK-lysin and granulysin. Biochem J 344(Pt 3):845–849
Boix E, Salazar VA, Torrent M, Pulido D, Nogués MV, Moussaoui M (2012) Structural determinants of the eosinophil cationic protein antimicrobial activity. Biol Chem 393:801–815
Boman HG, Agerberth B, Boman A (1993) Mechanisms of action on Escherichia coli of cecropin
P1 and PR-39, two antibacterial peptides from pig intestine. Infect Immun 61:2978–2984
Bowdish DM, Davidson DJ, Hancock RE (2006) Immunomodulatory properties of defensins and
cathelicidins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 306:27–66
Brennan PJ (2003) Structure, function, and biogenesis of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinburgh) 83:91–97
Brogden KA, Ackermann M, McCray PB Jr, Tack BF (2003) Antimicrobial peptides in animals
and their role in host defences. Int J Antimicrob Agents 22:465–478
Bystrom J, Amin K, Bishop-Bailey D (2011) Analysing the eosinophil cationic protein – a clue to
the function of the eosinophil granulocyte. Respir Res 12:10
Carmona G, Rodriguez A, Juarez D, Corzo G, Villegas E (2013) Improved protease stability of the
antimicrobial peptide Pin2 substituted with D-amino acids. Protein J 32:456–466
Carroll J, Draper LA, O’Connor PM, Coffey A, Hill C, Ross RP, Cotter PD, O’Mahony J (2012)
Comparison of the activities of the lantibiotics nisin and lacticin 3147 against clinically significant mycobacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 36:132–136
Castaneda-Sanchez JI, Garcia-Perez BE, Munoz-Duarte AR, Baltierra-Uribe SL, Mejia-Lopez H,
Lopez-Lopez C, Bautista-De Lucio VM, Robles-Contreras A, Luna-Herrera J (2013) Defensin
production by human limbo-corneal fibroblasts infected with mycobacteria. Pathogens 2:13–32
Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP (2005) Bacteriocins: developing innate immunity for food. Nat Rev
Microbiol 3:777–788
de Oliveira PC, de Lima PO, Oliveira DT, Pereira MC (2012) Eosinophil cationic protein: overview of biological and genetic features. DNA Cell Biol 31:1442–1446
Duplantier AJ, van Hoek ML (2013) The human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37 as a
potential treatment for polymicrobial infected wounds. Front Immunol 4:143
Foss MH, Powers KM, Purdy GE (2012) Structural and functional characterization of mycobactericidal ubiquitin-derived peptides in model and bacterial membranes. Biochemistry
51:9922–9929
S.M. Thayil and A.K. Kesavan