301
zygomycetes. The drug is intravenously administered and may show side effects
like phlebitis at the infusion site, chills and renal toxicity that may be severe. An
understanding that the renal toxicity of the drug involved a tubuloglomerular feedback has led to the use of sodium chloride along with the drug to reduce the suppression of glomerular filtration.
Nystatin is an antifungal polyene produced by Streptomyces noursei and was the
first clinically successful antimycotic antibiotic to be developed. Nystatin has a
broad spectrum of activity, but its usefulness is limited by serious side effects. The
drug is usually administered as a topical antifungal agent. Pimaricin (Fig. 12.3b),
also known as Natamycin, is another antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces.
It is produced during the fermentation of S. natalensis commonly found in the soil
micro flora. It is commonly used for topical treatment of superficial eye infections.
Peptide Antibiotics Streptomyces also produce cyclic and noncyclic peptide antibiotics. Methylsulfomycin was isolated from the fermentation broth of a Streptomyces
sp. HIL Y-9420704. This cyclopeptide shows antimicrobial activity against a wide
range of gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)
and vancomycin, and teicoplanin-resistant strains. Zelkovamycin (Fig. 12.3c),
another cyclic peptide, was isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp.
K96-0670. It shows antimicrobial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae,
Acholeplasma laidlawii, Pyricularia oryzae and S. aureus. Diperamycin (Fig. 12.3d)
is a cyclic hexadepsipeptide antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of
Streptomyces griseoaurantiacus MK393-AF2. It shows antimicrobial activity
against gram-positive bacteria, including Enterococcus seriolicida and methicillinresistant S. aureus. Arylomycins A and B are biaryl-bridged lipopeptide antibiotics
isolated from culture filtrate and mycelial extracts of Streptomyces sp. Tu6075 with
antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria. Streptocidins A–D represent a
group of cyclic decapeptide antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces sp. Tu6075 with
activity against gram-positive bacteria.
Other Antibiotics Streptomyces produces many more antibiotics apart from the
structural classes of antibiotics outlined above. Clavulanic acid is a broad spectrum
antibiotic produced by S. clavuliegerus. It is a β-lactamase inhibitor marketed in
combination with amoxicillin, a β-lactam, under the trade name Augmentin.
Imipenam, the first member of the carbapenem class of antibiotics, was derived
from thienamycin produced by S. cattleya. Thienamycin had a broad spectrum of
activity and was penicillinase resistant but was extremely unstable in aqueous
solutions. This led to the development of the more stable version called imipenem.
Lincomycin belonging to the lincosamide group of antibiotics was isolated from
S. lincolnensis. Lincomycin is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic with activity limited to
gram-positive bacteria, including pathogenic streptococci, staphylococci and
mycoplasma. Clindamycin is a synthetic variant derived from lincomycin by 7(S)
chloro- substitution of the 7(R) hydroxyl group. Rifamycin is a broad-spectrum
antibiotic produced by S. mediterranei. It is active against many gram-positive and
some gram-negative bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Rifampicin is
12 Antimicrobials from Microbes
zygomycetes. The drug is intravenously administered and may show side effects
like phlebitis at the infusion site, chills and renal toxicity that may be severe. An
understanding that the renal toxicity of the drug involved a tubuloglomerular feedback has led to the use of sodium chloride along with the drug to reduce the suppression of glomerular filtration.
Nystatin is an antifungal polyene produced by Streptomyces noursei and was the
first clinically successful antimycotic antibiotic to be developed. Nystatin has a
broad spectrum of activity, but its usefulness is limited by serious side effects. The
drug is usually administered as a topical antifungal agent. Pimaricin (Fig. 12.3b),
also known as Natamycin, is another antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces.
It is produced during the fermentation of S. natalensis commonly found in the soil
micro flora. It is commonly used for topical treatment of superficial eye infections.
Peptide Antibiotics Streptomyces also produce cyclic and noncyclic peptide antibiotics. Methylsulfomycin was isolated from the fermentation broth of a Streptomyces
sp. HIL Y-9420704. This cyclopeptide shows antimicrobial activity against a wide
range of gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)
and vancomycin, and teicoplanin-resistant strains. Zelkovamycin (Fig. 12.3c),
another cyclic peptide, was isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp.
K96-0670. It shows antimicrobial activity against Xanthomonas oryzae,
Acholeplasma laidlawii, Pyricularia oryzae and S. aureus. Diperamycin (Fig. 12.3d)
is a cyclic hexadepsipeptide antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of
Streptomyces griseoaurantiacus MK393-AF2. It shows antimicrobial activity
against gram-positive bacteria, including Enterococcus seriolicida and methicillinresistant S. aureus. Arylomycins A and B are biaryl-bridged lipopeptide antibiotics
isolated from culture filtrate and mycelial extracts of Streptomyces sp. Tu6075 with
antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria. Streptocidins A–D represent a
group of cyclic decapeptide antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces sp. Tu6075 with
activity against gram-positive bacteria.
Other Antibiotics Streptomyces produces many more antibiotics apart from the
structural classes of antibiotics outlined above. Clavulanic acid is a broad spectrum
antibiotic produced by S. clavuliegerus. It is a β-lactamase inhibitor marketed in
combination with amoxicillin, a β-lactam, under the trade name Augmentin.
Imipenam, the first member of the carbapenem class of antibiotics, was derived
from thienamycin produced by S. cattleya. Thienamycin had a broad spectrum of
activity and was penicillinase resistant but was extremely unstable in aqueous
solutions. This led to the development of the more stable version called imipenem.
Lincomycin belonging to the lincosamide group of antibiotics was isolated from
S. lincolnensis. Lincomycin is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic with activity limited to
gram-positive bacteria, including pathogenic streptococci, staphylococci and
mycoplasma. Clindamycin is a synthetic variant derived from lincomycin by 7(S)
chloro- substitution of the 7(R) hydroxyl group. Rifamycin is a broad-spectrum
antibiotic produced by S. mediterranei. It is active against many gram-positive and
some gram-negative bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Rifampicin is
12 Antimicrobials from Microbes