70
D.A. Mitchell et al.
Organic acids
Citric acid
Aspergillus niger
Cane, beet pulp mol. imprg.
[9]
Citric acid
Aspergillus niger
Dry coffee husks
[211]
Citric acid
Aspergillus niger
Sweet potato
[53]
Citric acid
Aspergillus niger
Carob pod
[54]
Citric acid
Aspergillus niger
Pineapple waste
[55]
Citric acid
Aspergillus niger
Corn cobs
[56]
Amino acids
Rhisopus oligosporus
Seed hull
[226]
Kojic acid
Aspergillus oryzae
Steamed rice
[9]
Antibiotics
Tetracycline
Streptomyces iridifaciensis
Sweet potato residue
[9]
Iturin
Bacillus subtilis
Wheat bran
[227]
Small organics
Ethanol
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Sweet sorghum or sweet potato [50,
51]
Methane
natural consortia
Municipal solid waste
[52]
Mycophenolic acid Penicillium brevi-compactum Wheat bran
[57]
Cephamycin C
Streptomyces clavuligerus
Wheat rawa + cotton seed cake [58]
Polymers
Succinoglycan
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Spent malt grains or ivory nut
[59]
shavings or grated carrots
Succinoglycans
Rhizobium hedysaris
Impregnated spent malt grains [60]
Xanthan gum
Xanthomonas campestris
Spent malt grains, citrus peels, [61]
apple pomace, or grape pomace
Xanthan gum
Xanthomonas campestris
Impregnated spent malt grains [60]
Biopulping
Pretreatment
Phlebia radiata, Funalia
Eucalypt wood
[62]
trogii, Bjerkandera adusta or
Poria subvermispora
Biopulping
Pleurotus sp.
Wheat straw
[63]
Table 2 (continued)
Product or process Organism
Substrate
Ref
enzymes produced by SSF often have improved thermostability compared to
those produced by the same microorganism in SLF systems. Likewise, in the
production of fungal spores as biopesticides, sporulation is usually better in the
environment provided in SSF systems than in that provided in SLF systems.
Even when significant quantities of spores are produced in SLF, they are
generally less robust and therefore do not survive as well when applied in the
field. In other cases SSF may be favored for socioeconomic reasons, since it
often uses low cost substrates which would otherwise be dumped as wastes, and
is often appropriate for low technology applications in regions where labor
costs are low. However, despite the high level of research activity there are still
relatively few commercial processes, a situation which can largely be attributed
to the complexity of SSF systems and our resultant poor understanding of how
to design and operate processes successfully on a large scale.
D.A. Mitchell et al.
Organic acids
Citric acid
Aspergillus niger
Cane, beet pulp mol. imprg.
[9]
Citric acid
Aspergillus niger
Dry coffee husks
[211]
Citric acid
Aspergillus niger
Sweet potato
[53]
Citric acid
Aspergillus niger
Carob pod
[54]
Citric acid
Aspergillus niger
Pineapple waste
[55]
Citric acid
Aspergillus niger
Corn cobs
[56]
Amino acids
Rhisopus oligosporus
Seed hull
[226]
Kojic acid
Aspergillus oryzae
Steamed rice
[9]
Antibiotics
Tetracycline
Streptomyces iridifaciensis
Sweet potato residue
[9]
Iturin
Bacillus subtilis
Wheat bran
[227]
Small organics
Ethanol
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Sweet sorghum or sweet potato [50,
51]
Methane
natural consortia
Municipal solid waste
[52]
Mycophenolic acid Penicillium brevi-compactum Wheat bran
[57]
Cephamycin C
Streptomyces clavuligerus
Wheat rawa + cotton seed cake [58]
Polymers
Succinoglycan
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Spent malt grains or ivory nut
[59]
shavings or grated carrots
Succinoglycans
Rhizobium hedysaris
Impregnated spent malt grains [60]
Xanthan gum
Xanthomonas campestris
Spent malt grains, citrus peels, [61]
apple pomace, or grape pomace
Xanthan gum
Xanthomonas campestris
Impregnated spent malt grains [60]
Biopulping
Pretreatment
Phlebia radiata, Funalia
Eucalypt wood
[62]
trogii, Bjerkandera adusta or
Poria subvermispora
Biopulping
Pleurotus sp.
Wheat straw
[63]
Table 2 (continued)
Product or process Organism
Substrate
Ref
enzymes produced by SSF often have improved thermostability compared to
those produced by the same microorganism in SLF systems. Likewise, in the
production of fungal spores as biopesticides, sporulation is usually better in the
environment provided in SSF systems than in that provided in SLF systems.
Even when significant quantities of spores are produced in SLF, they are
generally less robust and therefore do not survive as well when applied in the
field. In other cases SSF may be favored for socioeconomic reasons, since it
often uses low cost substrates which would otherwise be dumped as wastes, and
is often appropriate for low technology applications in regions where labor
costs are low. However, despite the high level of research activity there are still
relatively few commercial processes, a situation which can largely be attributed
to the complexity of SSF systems and our resultant poor understanding of how
to design and operate processes successfully on a large scale.