103. De Vos WM, Beerthuyzen MM, Luesink EL, Kuipers OP (1995a) Genetics of the nisin
operon and the sucrose-nisin conjugative transposon Tn5276. In: Ferretti JJ, Gilmore
MS, Klaenhammer TR (eds) Genetics of Streptococci, Enterococci and Lactococci. Karger,
New York, pp 617–625
104. Siegers K, Entian K-D (1995) Genes involved in immunity to the lantibiotic nisin produced by Lactococcus lactis 6F3. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:1081–1089
105. Fath MJ, Kolter R (1993) ABC exporters: bacterial exporters. Microbiol Rev 57 : 995–1017
106. Qiao M, Saris PE (1996) Evidence for a role of Nis T in transport of the lantibiotic nisin
produced by Lactococcus lactis N8. FEMS Microbil Lett 144 : 89–93
107. Engelke G, Gutowski-Eckel Z, Kiesau P, Siegers K, Hammelmann M, Entian K-D (1994)
Regulation of nisin biosynthesis and immunity in Lactococcus lactis 6F3. Appl Environ
Microbiol 60 : 814–825
108. Stock JB, Ninfa AJ, Stock AM (1989) Protein phosphorylation and regulation of adaptive
response in bacteria. Microbiol Rev 53 : 450–490
109. Garido MC, Herrero M, Kolter R, Moreno F (1988) The export of the DNA replication inhibitor microcin B17 provides immunity for the host cell. EMBO J 7 :1853–1862
110. Klein C, Entian K-D (1994) Genes involved in self-protection against the antibiotic
subtilin produced by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633. Appl Environ Microbiol 60 : 2793–2801
111. Pugsley AP (1988) Protein secretion across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. In: Das RA, Robins PW (eds) Protein transfer and organelle biogenesis. Academic
Press, Orlando, pp 607–652
112. Song HY, Cramer WA (1991) Membrane topography of ColEI gene products: the immunity protein. J Bacteriol 173 : 2935–2943
113. Immonen T, Ye S, Ra R, Quia M, Paulin L, Saris PEJ (1991) The codon usage of the nisZ
operon in Lactococcus lactis N8 suggests a non-lactococcal origin of the conjugative
nisin-sucrose transposon. DNA sequence 5 : 203–218
114. De Vos WM, Simmons GFM (1994) Gene cloning and expression systems in lactococci.
In: Gasson MJ, De Vos WM (eds) Genetics and Biotechnology of Lactic Acid Bacteria.
Blackie Academic & Professional, Glasgow, pp 52–97
115. Ra SR, Qiao M, Immonen T, Pujana I, Saris PEJ (1996) Genes responsible for nisin
synthesis, regulation and immunity form a regulon of two operons and are induced by
nisin in Lactococcus lactis N8. Microbiology 142 :1281–1288
116. Ra SR, Saris PEJ (1995) Characterization of procaryotic mRNAs by RT-PCR. Biotechniques 18 : 792–795
117. Piard JC, Muriana PM, Desmazeaud PJ, Klaenhammer TR (1992) Purification and partial
characterization of lacticin 481, a lanthionine-containing bacteriocin produced by
Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis CNRZ 481. Appl Environ Microbiol 58 : 279–284
118. Rince A, Dufour A, Le Pogam S, Thuault D, Bourgeois CM, Le Pennec JP (1994) Cloning,
expression and nucleotide sequence of genes involved in production of lactococcin DR,
a bacteriocin from lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. Appl Environ Microbiol 60 :1652–
1657
119. Rince A, Dufour A, Uguen P, Le Pennec JP, Haras D (1997) Characterization of the
lacticin 481 operon: the Lactococcus lactis genes IctF, IctE and IctG encode a pupative
ABC transporter involved in bacteriocin immunity. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 : 4252–
4260
120. Nes IF, Tagg JR (1996) Novel lantibiotics and their prepeptides. Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek 69 : 89–97
121. Skaugen M, Abildgaard CI, Nes IF (1997) Organization and expression of a gene cluster
involved in the biosynthesis of the lantibiotic lactocin S. Mol Gen Genet 253 : 674–686
122. Gilmore MS, Segarra RA, Booth MC, Bogie CP, Hall LR, Clewell DB (1994) Genetic
structure of the Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pAD1-encoded cytolytic toxin system and
its relationship to lantibiotic determinants. J Bacteriol 176 : 7335–7344
123. Siezen RJ, De Vos WM, Leunissen JAM, Dijkstra BW (1995) Homology modelling and
protein engineering strategy of subtilases, the family of subtilisin-like serine proteinases. Protein Eng 4 : 719–737
Antimicrobial Peptides of Lactic Acid Bacteria: Mode of Action, Genetics and Biosynthesis
55
operon and the sucrose-nisin conjugative transposon Tn5276. In: Ferretti JJ, Gilmore
MS, Klaenhammer TR (eds) Genetics of Streptococci, Enterococci and Lactococci. Karger,
New York, pp 617–625
104. Siegers K, Entian K-D (1995) Genes involved in immunity to the lantibiotic nisin produced by Lactococcus lactis 6F3. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:1081–1089
105. Fath MJ, Kolter R (1993) ABC exporters: bacterial exporters. Microbiol Rev 57 : 995–1017
106. Qiao M, Saris PE (1996) Evidence for a role of Nis T in transport of the lantibiotic nisin
produced by Lactococcus lactis N8. FEMS Microbil Lett 144 : 89–93
107. Engelke G, Gutowski-Eckel Z, Kiesau P, Siegers K, Hammelmann M, Entian K-D (1994)
Regulation of nisin biosynthesis and immunity in Lactococcus lactis 6F3. Appl Environ
Microbiol 60 : 814–825
108. Stock JB, Ninfa AJ, Stock AM (1989) Protein phosphorylation and regulation of adaptive
response in bacteria. Microbiol Rev 53 : 450–490
109. Garido MC, Herrero M, Kolter R, Moreno F (1988) The export of the DNA replication inhibitor microcin B17 provides immunity for the host cell. EMBO J 7 :1853–1862
110. Klein C, Entian K-D (1994) Genes involved in self-protection against the antibiotic
subtilin produced by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633. Appl Environ Microbiol 60 : 2793–2801
111. Pugsley AP (1988) Protein secretion across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. In: Das RA, Robins PW (eds) Protein transfer and organelle biogenesis. Academic
Press, Orlando, pp 607–652
112. Song HY, Cramer WA (1991) Membrane topography of ColEI gene products: the immunity protein. J Bacteriol 173 : 2935–2943
113. Immonen T, Ye S, Ra R, Quia M, Paulin L, Saris PEJ (1991) The codon usage of the nisZ
operon in Lactococcus lactis N8 suggests a non-lactococcal origin of the conjugative
nisin-sucrose transposon. DNA sequence 5 : 203–218
114. De Vos WM, Simmons GFM (1994) Gene cloning and expression systems in lactococci.
In: Gasson MJ, De Vos WM (eds) Genetics and Biotechnology of Lactic Acid Bacteria.
Blackie Academic & Professional, Glasgow, pp 52–97
115. Ra SR, Qiao M, Immonen T, Pujana I, Saris PEJ (1996) Genes responsible for nisin
synthesis, regulation and immunity form a regulon of two operons and are induced by
nisin in Lactococcus lactis N8. Microbiology 142 :1281–1288
116. Ra SR, Saris PEJ (1995) Characterization of procaryotic mRNAs by RT-PCR. Biotechniques 18 : 792–795
117. Piard JC, Muriana PM, Desmazeaud PJ, Klaenhammer TR (1992) Purification and partial
characterization of lacticin 481, a lanthionine-containing bacteriocin produced by
Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis CNRZ 481. Appl Environ Microbiol 58 : 279–284
118. Rince A, Dufour A, Le Pogam S, Thuault D, Bourgeois CM, Le Pennec JP (1994) Cloning,
expression and nucleotide sequence of genes involved in production of lactococcin DR,
a bacteriocin from lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. Appl Environ Microbiol 60 :1652–
1657
119. Rince A, Dufour A, Uguen P, Le Pennec JP, Haras D (1997) Characterization of the
lacticin 481 operon: the Lactococcus lactis genes IctF, IctE and IctG encode a pupative
ABC transporter involved in bacteriocin immunity. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 : 4252–
4260
120. Nes IF, Tagg JR (1996) Novel lantibiotics and their prepeptides. Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek 69 : 89–97
121. Skaugen M, Abildgaard CI, Nes IF (1997) Organization and expression of a gene cluster
involved in the biosynthesis of the lantibiotic lactocin S. Mol Gen Genet 253 : 674–686
122. Gilmore MS, Segarra RA, Booth MC, Bogie CP, Hall LR, Clewell DB (1994) Genetic
structure of the Enterococcus faecalis plasmid pAD1-encoded cytolytic toxin system and
its relationship to lantibiotic determinants. J Bacteriol 176 : 7335–7344
123. Siezen RJ, De Vos WM, Leunissen JAM, Dijkstra BW (1995) Homology modelling and
protein engineering strategy of subtilases, the family of subtilisin-like serine proteinases. Protein Eng 4 : 719–737
Antimicrobial Peptides of Lactic Acid Bacteria: Mode of Action, Genetics and Biosynthesis
55