Index
319
priorities; Model, extinction risk;
Policy; PVA
assessment, 59–73, 77–93, 169, 181
level of risk, 28, 64, 80, 82, 87, 89, 96,
107, 133, 138, 139, 141, 162, 163,
169, 170, 180–185, 215, 292
probabilistic, 64 –73, 77–93, 129–145,
176, 177, 179, 181, 182, 185, 196,
216, 242; see also Model
Monte Carlo, 81, 84, 87, 92, 93, 135
public perception, 74, 78, 79, 87, 104,
117, 129, 158, 199, 303
qualitative, 80, 81, 93, 101, 102, 154,
155, 159, 234, 294
quantitative, 80, 81, 84, 101, 102, 144,
156; see also Management, comparing options; Model
limitations, 73, 80, 116, 163, 165,
169–185
models, 84 –93, 102–107, 130, 133,
144, 148, 154, 161, 196; see also
PVA
reasoning, 20, 87, 123, 129, 132, 141,
144, 145, 161, 165, 176, 204, 244,
246, 292
consensus, 137, 138, 199
time frame, 28, 77, 78, 87, 93, 127,
141, 155, 169, 177, 179, 183, 184,
185
Runs test, 7–19
Safety factor, 96, 101
Sample, 3, 10, 43, 49, 97, 132, 172; see
also Collections; Data collection;
Distance, sampling; Sighting rate;
Survey; Variable, selection
bias, 1, 4, 7–26, 27, 28, 32, 36, 45, 68,
73, 84, 88, 97, 98, 100, 101–106,
115, 136, 141, 144, 172, 173, 196,
232, 241; see also Cryptic species;
Data, limitations; Data, patterns;
Data, resolution; Subjectivity
data collector, 11, 21–26, 68, 173
historical records, 2, 30, 36, 107,
110, 112, 115, 116, 120, 176, 180
inadequate survey, 8, 15, 23, 24, 25,
27, 28, 29, 30, 97, 111, 114, 122,
123, 139, 170, 243
small data set, 12, 18, 19, 22, 23, 29,
51, 97, 114, 117, 172, 174, 219,
261
spatial location, 4, 6, 22, 24, 25, 30,
45, 48, 53, 115, 117, 213, 302
systematic, 21, 181, 182, 302
taxonomic, 1, 8, 15, 19–26, 27, 28,
117, 121, 200, 226, 292, 302
time of survey, 4, 6, 7, 11, 16, 22,
24, 26, 40, 153, 165
Scarcity, 50, 53, 192, 196, 245
Scenario analysis, 10, 12, 19, 81–87, 103,
115, 138, 141, 170, 174, 175, 182,
185; see also Management, comparing options; Model, varying
scenarios
Seasonal factors, 4, 6, 22, 24, 26, 40, 64,
67, 73, 83, 97, 133, 158, 161, 192,
193, 200, 208
Sensitivity analysis, 10, 31, 34, 115, 154,
185; see also Critical level; Elasticity analysis
varying parameters, 7, 21, 28, 42, 45,
73, 148–165, 191, 211, 260, 302
proportional sensitivities, 154, 155,
163, 165, 182
Set-covering problems, 293, 294, 296, 303
Sex ratio, 65–73, 78, 115, 150–152, 157–
160, 164, 171, 189, 190, 210, 214,
232, 237, 239, 242, 243, 262, 264,
267
modeling only females, 65, 69, 70, 71,
72, 152, 156–159, 163, 171–180,
203, 209, 210
Sighting rate, 1–6, 9, 10, 12, 23, 25, 26,
111, 114, 169; see also Data, collection; Frequency; Sample;
Survey
constant, 1, 2, 3, 9, 10
declining, 3, 5, 7–14, 19, 20, 27
number of observations, 1, 2–6, 7–26,
46, 49–51, 69, 73, 93, 97–107,
112, 114, 123, 170, 227, 293, 294;
see also Frequency
Significance, see Alternative hypothesis;
Critical level; Null hypothesis;
Sensitivity analysis
Size, individual, 29; see also Age; Extinction, proneness, body mass; Stage
matrix models, 153–165, 190
reproductive potential, 115, 119, 122,
154, 162, 242
Socio-political change, 63, 74, 128, 174,
176, 246, 303, 304
S-PLUS, 48
Stage, 148, 149, 152, 154, 155, 160, 164;
see also Age; Matrix models for
population growth
319
priorities; Model, extinction risk;
Policy; PVA
assessment, 59–73, 77–93, 169, 181
level of risk, 28, 64, 80, 82, 87, 89, 96,
107, 133, 138, 139, 141, 162, 163,
169, 170, 180–185, 215, 292
probabilistic, 64 –73, 77–93, 129–145,
176, 177, 179, 181, 182, 185, 196,
216, 242; see also Model
Monte Carlo, 81, 84, 87, 92, 93, 135
public perception, 74, 78, 79, 87, 104,
117, 129, 158, 199, 303
qualitative, 80, 81, 93, 101, 102, 154,
155, 159, 234, 294
quantitative, 80, 81, 84, 101, 102, 144,
156; see also Management, comparing options; Model
limitations, 73, 80, 116, 163, 165,
169–185
models, 84 –93, 102–107, 130, 133,
144, 148, 154, 161, 196; see also
PVA
reasoning, 20, 87, 123, 129, 132, 141,
144, 145, 161, 165, 176, 204, 244,
246, 292
consensus, 137, 138, 199
time frame, 28, 77, 78, 87, 93, 127,
141, 155, 169, 177, 179, 183, 184,
185
Runs test, 7–19
Safety factor, 96, 101
Sample, 3, 10, 43, 49, 97, 132, 172; see
also Collections; Data collection;
Distance, sampling; Sighting rate;
Survey; Variable, selection
bias, 1, 4, 7–26, 27, 28, 32, 36, 45, 68,
73, 84, 88, 97, 98, 100, 101–106,
115, 136, 141, 144, 172, 173, 196,
232, 241; see also Cryptic species;
Data, limitations; Data, patterns;
Data, resolution; Subjectivity
data collector, 11, 21–26, 68, 173
historical records, 2, 30, 36, 107,
110, 112, 115, 116, 120, 176, 180
inadequate survey, 8, 15, 23, 24, 25,
27, 28, 29, 30, 97, 111, 114, 122,
123, 139, 170, 243
small data set, 12, 18, 19, 22, 23, 29,
51, 97, 114, 117, 172, 174, 219,
261
spatial location, 4, 6, 22, 24, 25, 30,
45, 48, 53, 115, 117, 213, 302
systematic, 21, 181, 182, 302
taxonomic, 1, 8, 15, 19–26, 27, 28,
117, 121, 200, 226, 292, 302
time of survey, 4, 6, 7, 11, 16, 22,
24, 26, 40, 153, 165
Scarcity, 50, 53, 192, 196, 245
Scenario analysis, 10, 12, 19, 81–87, 103,
115, 138, 141, 170, 174, 175, 182,
185; see also Management, comparing options; Model, varying
scenarios
Seasonal factors, 4, 6, 22, 24, 26, 40, 64,
67, 73, 83, 97, 133, 158, 161, 192,
193, 200, 208
Sensitivity analysis, 10, 31, 34, 115, 154,
185; see also Critical level; Elasticity analysis
varying parameters, 7, 21, 28, 42, 45,
73, 148–165, 191, 211, 260, 302
proportional sensitivities, 154, 155,
163, 165, 182
Set-covering problems, 293, 294, 296, 303
Sex ratio, 65–73, 78, 115, 150–152, 157–
160, 164, 171, 189, 190, 210, 214,
232, 237, 239, 242, 243, 262, 264,
267
modeling only females, 65, 69, 70, 71,
72, 152, 156–159, 163, 171–180,
203, 209, 210
Sighting rate, 1–6, 9, 10, 12, 23, 25, 26,
111, 114, 169; see also Data, collection; Frequency; Sample;
Survey
constant, 1, 2, 3, 9, 10
declining, 3, 5, 7–14, 19, 20, 27
number of observations, 1, 2–6, 7–26,
46, 49–51, 69, 73, 93, 97–107,
112, 114, 123, 170, 227, 293, 294;
see also Frequency
Significance, see Alternative hypothesis;
Critical level; Null hypothesis;
Sensitivity analysis
Size, individual, 29; see also Age; Extinction, proneness, body mass; Stage
matrix models, 153–165, 190
reproductive potential, 115, 119, 122,
154, 162, 242
Socio-political change, 63, 74, 128, 174,
176, 246, 303, 304
S-PLUS, 48
Stage, 148, 149, 152, 154, 155, 160, 164;
see also Age; Matrix models for
population growth