308
Index
Captive breeding (continued)
226, 231, 232, 239, 240, 242, 243,
259–267
genetic issues, 229, 231, 232, 239,
241–243, 259–268
equalizing founders, 264 –266
Carrying capacity, 40, 101–105, 115, 171,
175, 178, 179, 182, 275, 276, 282,
303
Catastrophe, 170, 176, 192, 300, 303
Catch capping/catch cascading, 116, 117
Categories of threat, 7, 16, 30, 170, 184;
see also Conservation status
assessment, 5, 8–26, 27–30, 35, 36,
107, 169, 182, 226, 238, 239, 244
limitations, 7, 22, 28, 29, 36, 37, 184
precision, 27, 169, 173
qualitative, 7, 28, 234
quantitative, 7, 28, 169, 184, 185,
246
thresholds, 7, 8, 27, 28, 169, 175,
177, 182
lists, 27, 148, 157, 169
CCA (canonical correspondence analysis),
41, 199
Census, 97, 262, 278; see also Abundance, estimation
post-breeding, 150, 151, 153, 158
pre-breeding, 153
CLA (catch-limit algorithm), 111–124
limitations, 112, 115, 116, 118, 119,
123
Climate, see also Windstorms
modeling, 40– 45, 48, 50, 52, 88, 137,
192, 208, 211, 233, 275; see also
ANUCLIM
suitability, 42, 54, 176, 178, 179, 180,
183, 192
Clustering, 45, 175, 299, 300, 303; see
also Runs test
Cohort, see Age
Collection effort index, 9, 14
Collections, 1, 7–26, 32, 39; see also
Data, collection; Herbaria
Colony, 81, 82, 191, 192, 193
Competition, 36, 40, 54, 64, 81, 119, 120,
122, 139, 193, 264
“release from competition” hypothesis,
118–122
modeling, 119, 121, 160, 163, 164, 171,
175, 190–196
Complexity, 127, 144; see also Ecosystem; Model
Confidence, 99, 114
interval, 31, 33, 51, 52, 117, 179, 182
Conservation status, 8–26, 29, 33, 46,
107, 117, 128, 165, 179, 293, 298;
see also Categories of threat;
Taxonomic
change, 13, 20, 22, 23, 106, 128
critical, 169, 170, 184
endangered, 27, 30, 35, 36, 80, 97, 107,
127–145, 157, 163–165, 169–170,
182, 184, 192, 196, 199, 227, 230–
231, 233, 237, 240–241, 243, 246,
259, 261, 266–268, 274; see also
Captive breeding; Endangered
Species Act; Reintroduction;
Translocation
poorly known, 1, 8, 20, 23, 25, 244,
245, 259, 268
rare, 7, 8, 21, 22, 26, 46, 49, 51, 97,
128, 144, 196, 241, 243, 245, 259,
296, 299, 301; see also Declared
rare flora
threatened, 8, 80, 148, 157, 163, 169,
170, 237, 240, 245
vulnerable, 34, 35, 36, 169, 170, 184
Control, 22, 176; see also Experiment;
Regulation
pest, 60, 62, 63, 74, 83
biological, 77, 78, 82
Correlation of independent variables, 11,
14, 27, 30–37, 44, 48, 211, 215,
229, 236, 243, 274, 277, 302; see
also Covariance
autocorrelation, 165, 213, 218, 278
ecological, 27–37, 54, 231, 292
partial, 11, 15, 16, 18
Covariance, 9, 11, 16, 44, 177
Critical level, 2, 4, 10, 15, 32–33, 51,
149, 152, 160, 165, 171, 181, 201,
204 –205, 208–209, 212–213, 215,
218, 225, 263, 287; see also Confidence, interval; Conservation status; Sensitivity analysis; Threshold
percentile choice, 40, 72, 91, 93, 100–
106
lower, 96, 103, 104
probability of detecting change, 7–23,
69, 71, 102, 131, 205, 238, 263;
see also Power distribution
calculation, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 49
magnitude of change, 11–14, 19, 20,
21, 23, 88, 97, 298
Cryptic species, 25, 97–100, 107, 115,
117, 163, 164, 171
Cubic spline, 48
Index
Captive breeding (continued)
226, 231, 232, 239, 240, 242, 243,
259–267
genetic issues, 229, 231, 232, 239,
241–243, 259–268
equalizing founders, 264 –266
Carrying capacity, 40, 101–105, 115, 171,
175, 178, 179, 182, 275, 276, 282,
303
Catastrophe, 170, 176, 192, 300, 303
Catch capping/catch cascading, 116, 117
Categories of threat, 7, 16, 30, 170, 184;
see also Conservation status
assessment, 5, 8–26, 27–30, 35, 36,
107, 169, 182, 226, 238, 239, 244
limitations, 7, 22, 28, 29, 36, 37, 184
precision, 27, 169, 173
qualitative, 7, 28, 234
quantitative, 7, 28, 169, 184, 185,
246
thresholds, 7, 8, 27, 28, 169, 175,
177, 182
lists, 27, 148, 157, 169
CCA (canonical correspondence analysis),
41, 199
Census, 97, 262, 278; see also Abundance, estimation
post-breeding, 150, 151, 153, 158
pre-breeding, 153
CLA (catch-limit algorithm), 111–124
limitations, 112, 115, 116, 118, 119,
123
Climate, see also Windstorms
modeling, 40– 45, 48, 50, 52, 88, 137,
192, 208, 211, 233, 275; see also
ANUCLIM
suitability, 42, 54, 176, 178, 179, 180,
183, 192
Clustering, 45, 175, 299, 300, 303; see
also Runs test
Cohort, see Age
Collection effort index, 9, 14
Collections, 1, 7–26, 32, 39; see also
Data, collection; Herbaria
Colony, 81, 82, 191, 192, 193
Competition, 36, 40, 54, 64, 81, 119, 120,
122, 139, 193, 264
“release from competition” hypothesis,
118–122
modeling, 119, 121, 160, 163, 164, 171,
175, 190–196
Complexity, 127, 144; see also Ecosystem; Model
Confidence, 99, 114
interval, 31, 33, 51, 52, 117, 179, 182
Conservation status, 8–26, 29, 33, 46,
107, 117, 128, 165, 179, 293, 298;
see also Categories of threat;
Taxonomic
change, 13, 20, 22, 23, 106, 128
critical, 169, 170, 184
endangered, 27, 30, 35, 36, 80, 97, 107,
127–145, 157, 163–165, 169–170,
182, 184, 192, 196, 199, 227, 230–
231, 233, 237, 240–241, 243, 246,
259, 261, 266–268, 274; see also
Captive breeding; Endangered
Species Act; Reintroduction;
Translocation
poorly known, 1, 8, 20, 23, 25, 244,
245, 259, 268
rare, 7, 8, 21, 22, 26, 46, 49, 51, 97,
128, 144, 196, 241, 243, 245, 259,
296, 299, 301; see also Declared
rare flora
threatened, 8, 80, 148, 157, 163, 169,
170, 237, 240, 245
vulnerable, 34, 35, 36, 169, 170, 184
Control, 22, 176; see also Experiment;
Regulation
pest, 60, 62, 63, 74, 83
biological, 77, 78, 82
Correlation of independent variables, 11,
14, 27, 30–37, 44, 48, 211, 215,
229, 236, 243, 274, 277, 302; see
also Covariance
autocorrelation, 165, 213, 218, 278
ecological, 27–37, 54, 231, 292
partial, 11, 15, 16, 18
Covariance, 9, 11, 16, 44, 177
Critical level, 2, 4, 10, 15, 32–33, 51,
149, 152, 160, 165, 171, 181, 201,
204 –205, 208–209, 212–213, 215,
218, 225, 263, 287; see also Confidence, interval; Conservation status; Sensitivity analysis; Threshold
percentile choice, 40, 72, 91, 93, 100–
106
lower, 96, 103, 104
probability of detecting change, 7–23,
69, 71, 102, 131, 205, 238, 263;
see also Power distribution
calculation, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 49
magnitude of change, 11–14, 19, 20,
21, 23, 88, 97, 298
Cryptic species, 25, 97–100, 107, 115,
117, 163, 164, 171
Cubic spline, 48