272
Richard Frankham
(1998) Single large or several small? Population fragmentation in the captive management of endangered species. Zoo Biology 17:467– 480
Miller PS, Hedrick PW (1993) Inbreeding and fitness in captive populations: Lessons from
Drosophila. Zoo Biology 12:333–351
Mina NS, Sheldon BL, Yoo BH, Frankham R (1991) Heterozygosity at protein loci in
inbred and outbred lines of chickens. Poultry Science 70: 864 –872
Montgomery ME, Ballou JD, Nurthen RK, Briscoe DA, Frankham R (1997) Minimizing
kinship in captive breeding programs. Zoo Biology 16:377–389
Pray, LA, Schwartz JM, Goodnight CJ, Stevens L (1994) Environmental dependency of
inbreeding depression: implications for conservation. Conservation Biology 8:562–568
Ralls K, Ballou J (1983) Extinction: lessons from zoos. In: Schonewald-Cox CM, Chambers SM, MacBryde B, Thomas WL (eds) Genetics and conservation: a reference for
managing wild animal and plant populations . Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, CA, pp
164 –184
Ralls K, Meadows R (1993) Breeding like flies. Nature 361:689–690
Ralls K, Ballou J, Templeton A (1988) Estimates of lethal equivalents and the cost of
inbreeding in mammals. Conservation Biology 2:185–193
Reeve ECR, Robertson FW (1954) Studies in quantitative inheritance. VI. Sternite chaetae
number in Drosophila: a metameric quantitative character. Zeitschrift f¨ ur induktive
Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre 86:269–288
Robertson A (1960) A theory of limits in artificial selection. Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London 153B:234 –249
Rumball W, Franklin IR, Frankham R, Sheldon BL (1994) Decline in heterozygosity under
full sib and double first cousin inbreeding in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics
136:1039–1049
Saccheri I, Kuussaari M, Kankare M, Vikman P, Fortelius W, Hanski I (1998) Inbreeding
and extinction in a butterfly metapopulation. Nature 392:491– 494
Soul´ e ME (1980) Thresholds for survival: maintaining fitness and evolutionary potential.
In: Soul´ e ME, Wilcox BA (eds) Conservation biology: an evolutionary-ecological perspective. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA, pp 151–169
Spielman D, Frankham R (1992) Modeling problems in conservation genetics using captive
Drosophila populations: improvement of reproductive fitness due to immigration of one
individual into small partially inbred populations. Zoo Biology 11:343–351
Templeton AR, Read B (1983) The elimination of inbreeding depression in a captive herd
of Speke’s Gazelle. In: Schonewald-Cox CM, Chambers SM, MacBryde B, Thomas WL
(eds) Genetics and conservation: a reference for managing wild animal and plant populations. Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, CA, pp 241–261
Templeton AR, Read B (1984) Factors eliminating inbreeding depression in a captive herd
of Speke’s Gazelle (Gazella spekei). Zoo Biology 3:177–199
Vrijenhoek RC (1994) Genetic diversity and fitness in small populations. In: Loeschcke V,
Tomiuk J, Jain SK (eds) Conservation genetics. Birkh¨ auser, Basel, Switzerland, pp 37–
53
Woodworth LM (1996) Population size in captive breeding programs. PhD thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
Woodworth LM, Montgomery ME, Nurthen RK, Briscoe DA, Frankham R (1994) Modelling problems in conservation genetics using Drosophila: consequences of fluctuating
population sizes. Molecular Ecology 3:393–399
Richard Frankham
(1998) Single large or several small? Population fragmentation in the captive management of endangered species. Zoo Biology 17:467– 480
Miller PS, Hedrick PW (1993) Inbreeding and fitness in captive populations: Lessons from
Drosophila. Zoo Biology 12:333–351
Mina NS, Sheldon BL, Yoo BH, Frankham R (1991) Heterozygosity at protein loci in
inbred and outbred lines of chickens. Poultry Science 70: 864 –872
Montgomery ME, Ballou JD, Nurthen RK, Briscoe DA, Frankham R (1997) Minimizing
kinship in captive breeding programs. Zoo Biology 16:377–389
Pray, LA, Schwartz JM, Goodnight CJ, Stevens L (1994) Environmental dependency of
inbreeding depression: implications for conservation. Conservation Biology 8:562–568
Ralls K, Ballou J (1983) Extinction: lessons from zoos. In: Schonewald-Cox CM, Chambers SM, MacBryde B, Thomas WL (eds) Genetics and conservation: a reference for
managing wild animal and plant populations . Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, CA, pp
164 –184
Ralls K, Meadows R (1993) Breeding like flies. Nature 361:689–690
Ralls K, Ballou J, Templeton A (1988) Estimates of lethal equivalents and the cost of
inbreeding in mammals. Conservation Biology 2:185–193
Reeve ECR, Robertson FW (1954) Studies in quantitative inheritance. VI. Sternite chaetae
number in Drosophila: a metameric quantitative character. Zeitschrift f¨ ur induktive
Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre 86:269–288
Robertson A (1960) A theory of limits in artificial selection. Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London 153B:234 –249
Rumball W, Franklin IR, Frankham R, Sheldon BL (1994) Decline in heterozygosity under
full sib and double first cousin inbreeding in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics
136:1039–1049
Saccheri I, Kuussaari M, Kankare M, Vikman P, Fortelius W, Hanski I (1998) Inbreeding
and extinction in a butterfly metapopulation. Nature 392:491– 494
Soul´ e ME (1980) Thresholds for survival: maintaining fitness and evolutionary potential.
In: Soul´ e ME, Wilcox BA (eds) Conservation biology: an evolutionary-ecological perspective. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA, pp 151–169
Spielman D, Frankham R (1992) Modeling problems in conservation genetics using captive
Drosophila populations: improvement of reproductive fitness due to immigration of one
individual into small partially inbred populations. Zoo Biology 11:343–351
Templeton AR, Read B (1983) The elimination of inbreeding depression in a captive herd
of Speke’s Gazelle. In: Schonewald-Cox CM, Chambers SM, MacBryde B, Thomas WL
(eds) Genetics and conservation: a reference for managing wild animal and plant populations. Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, CA, pp 241–261
Templeton AR, Read B (1984) Factors eliminating inbreeding depression in a captive herd
of Speke’s Gazelle (Gazella spekei). Zoo Biology 3:177–199
Vrijenhoek RC (1994) Genetic diversity and fitness in small populations. In: Loeschcke V,
Tomiuk J, Jain SK (eds) Conservation genetics. Birkh¨ auser, Basel, Switzerland, pp 37–
53
Woodworth LM (1996) Population size in captive breeding programs. PhD thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
Woodworth LM, Montgomery ME, Nurthen RK, Briscoe DA, Frankham R (1994) Modelling problems in conservation genetics using Drosophila: consequences of fluctuating
population sizes. Molecular Ecology 3:393–399