Numerical Study of Glacial and Meltwater Global Ocean Thermohaline Conveyor
111
Luyten, J. R., J. Pedlosky, and H. Stommel, The ventilated thermocline, J. Phys. Oceanogr.,
13,292-309 1983.
Maier-Reimer, E., and U. Mikolajewicz, Experiments with an OGCM on the cause of the
Younger Dryas, Rep. 39,13 pp., Max-Plank-Inst. flir Meteorol., Hamburg, Germany 1989.
Maier-Reimer, E., U. Mikolajewicz, and K. Hasselmann, On the sensitivity of the global
ocean circulation to changes in the surface heat flux forcing, Rep. 68, 67 pp., Max-PlankInst. flir Meteorol., Hamburg, Germany 1991.
Maier-Reimer, E., U. Mikolajewicz, and K. Hasselmann, Mean circulation of the Hamburg
LSG OGCM and its sensitivity to the thermohaline surface forcing, J. Phys. Oceanogr.,
23,731-7571993.
Manabe, S., and R. J. Stouffer, Two stable equilibria of a coupled ocean-atmospher model,
J. Clim., 1,841-8661988.
Manabe, S., and R. J. Stouffer, Simulation of abrupt change induced by freshwater input to
the North Atlantic Ocean, Nature, 378,165-1671995.
Marotzke, J., and J. Willebrand, Multiple equilibria of the global thermohaline circulation,
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21,1372-1385 1991.
Maslin, M. A., N. J. Shackleton, and U. pflaumann, Surface water temperature, salinity, and
density changes in the northeast Atlantic during the last 45,000 years: Heinrich events,
deep water formation, and climatic rebounds, Paleoceanography, 10,527-5441995.
McCartney, M. S., Recirculating components to the deep boundary current of the nothern
North Atlantic, Prog. in Oceanogr., 29, 283-383 1992.
McCave, I. N., and B. E. Tucholke, Deep current controlled seimentation in the western
North Atlantic, in The Geology of North America, vol. M. The Western North Atlantic
Region, edited by P. R. Vogt and B. E. Tucholke, pp. 451-468, Geol. Soc. of Am., Boulder,
Colo. 1986.
Michel, E., 1. D. Labeyrie, J.-c. Duplessy, N. Gorfti, M. Labracherie, and J.-1. Turon, Could
deep Subantarctic convection feed the world deep basins during the last glacial maximum?, Paleoceanography, 10,927-9421995.
Mikolajewicz, U., A meltwater induced collapse of the 'conveyor belt' themohaline circulation and its influence on the distribution of A14C and 0180 in the oceans, Rep. 189,25
pp., Max-Plank -Inst. flir Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany 1996.
Miller, M. C., I. N. McCave, and P. D. Komar, Threshold of sedimentation under unidirectional currents, Sedimentol., 24, 507-5281977.
Oppo, D. W., and S. J. Lehman, Mid-depth circulation of the subpolar north Atlantic during
the last glacial maximum, Science, 259, 1148-1152 1993.
Oppo, D. W., M. E. Raymo, G. P. Lohmann, A. C. Mix, J. D. Wright, and W. 1. Prell, A 013C
record of Upper North Atlantic Deep Water during the past 2.6 million years, Paleoceanogr., 10,373-3941995.
Pacanowski, R., K. Dixon, and A. Rosati, The GFDL modular ocean users guide, Tech. Rep.
2, Ocean Group, Geophys. Fluid Dyn. Lab., Princeton Univ., Princeton, N. Y.1993.
Pfirmann, S., M. A. Lange, I. Wollenburg, and P. Schlosser, Sea ice characteristics and the
role of sediment inclusions in deep-sea deposition: Arctic - Antarctic comparisons, in
Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic Versus Antarctic, edited by U. Bleil and
J. Thiede, pp. 187-211, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass. 1990.
PuIs, W., Numerical simulation of bedform mechanics. Mitteilungen des Inst. flir Meeresk.
Univ. Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, 147 pp.198l.
Rahmstorf, S., Rapid climate transitions in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model, Nature,
372,82-85 1994.
Rahmstorf, S., Bifurcations of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation in response to changes
in the hydrological cycle, Nature, 378,145-1491995.
Robinson, S. G., and I. N. McCave, Orbital forcing of bottom-current enhanced sedimentation on Feni Drift, NE Atlantic, during the mid-Pleistocene, Paleoceanography, 9, 943972 1994.
111
Luyten, J. R., J. Pedlosky, and H. Stommel, The ventilated thermocline, J. Phys. Oceanogr.,
13,292-309 1983.
Maier-Reimer, E., and U. Mikolajewicz, Experiments with an OGCM on the cause of the
Younger Dryas, Rep. 39,13 pp., Max-Plank-Inst. flir Meteorol., Hamburg, Germany 1989.
Maier-Reimer, E., U. Mikolajewicz, and K. Hasselmann, On the sensitivity of the global
ocean circulation to changes in the surface heat flux forcing, Rep. 68, 67 pp., Max-PlankInst. flir Meteorol., Hamburg, Germany 1991.
Maier-Reimer, E., U. Mikolajewicz, and K. Hasselmann, Mean circulation of the Hamburg
LSG OGCM and its sensitivity to the thermohaline surface forcing, J. Phys. Oceanogr.,
23,731-7571993.
Manabe, S., and R. J. Stouffer, Two stable equilibria of a coupled ocean-atmospher model,
J. Clim., 1,841-8661988.
Manabe, S., and R. J. Stouffer, Simulation of abrupt change induced by freshwater input to
the North Atlantic Ocean, Nature, 378,165-1671995.
Marotzke, J., and J. Willebrand, Multiple equilibria of the global thermohaline circulation,
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21,1372-1385 1991.
Maslin, M. A., N. J. Shackleton, and U. pflaumann, Surface water temperature, salinity, and
density changes in the northeast Atlantic during the last 45,000 years: Heinrich events,
deep water formation, and climatic rebounds, Paleoceanography, 10,527-5441995.
McCartney, M. S., Recirculating components to the deep boundary current of the nothern
North Atlantic, Prog. in Oceanogr., 29, 283-383 1992.
McCave, I. N., and B. E. Tucholke, Deep current controlled seimentation in the western
North Atlantic, in The Geology of North America, vol. M. The Western North Atlantic
Region, edited by P. R. Vogt and B. E. Tucholke, pp. 451-468, Geol. Soc. of Am., Boulder,
Colo. 1986.
Michel, E., 1. D. Labeyrie, J.-c. Duplessy, N. Gorfti, M. Labracherie, and J.-1. Turon, Could
deep Subantarctic convection feed the world deep basins during the last glacial maximum?, Paleoceanography, 10,927-9421995.
Mikolajewicz, U., A meltwater induced collapse of the 'conveyor belt' themohaline circulation and its influence on the distribution of A14C and 0180 in the oceans, Rep. 189,25
pp., Max-Plank -Inst. flir Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany 1996.
Miller, M. C., I. N. McCave, and P. D. Komar, Threshold of sedimentation under unidirectional currents, Sedimentol., 24, 507-5281977.
Oppo, D. W., and S. J. Lehman, Mid-depth circulation of the subpolar north Atlantic during
the last glacial maximum, Science, 259, 1148-1152 1993.
Oppo, D. W., M. E. Raymo, G. P. Lohmann, A. C. Mix, J. D. Wright, and W. 1. Prell, A 013C
record of Upper North Atlantic Deep Water during the past 2.6 million years, Paleoceanogr., 10,373-3941995.
Pacanowski, R., K. Dixon, and A. Rosati, The GFDL modular ocean users guide, Tech. Rep.
2, Ocean Group, Geophys. Fluid Dyn. Lab., Princeton Univ., Princeton, N. Y.1993.
Pfirmann, S., M. A. Lange, I. Wollenburg, and P. Schlosser, Sea ice characteristics and the
role of sediment inclusions in deep-sea deposition: Arctic - Antarctic comparisons, in
Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic Versus Antarctic, edited by U. Bleil and
J. Thiede, pp. 187-211, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass. 1990.
PuIs, W., Numerical simulation of bedform mechanics. Mitteilungen des Inst. flir Meeresk.
Univ. Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, 147 pp.198l.
Rahmstorf, S., Rapid climate transitions in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model, Nature,
372,82-85 1994.
Rahmstorf, S., Bifurcations of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation in response to changes
in the hydrological cycle, Nature, 378,145-1491995.
Robinson, S. G., and I. N. McCave, Orbital forcing of bottom-current enhanced sedimentation on Feni Drift, NE Atlantic, during the mid-Pleistocene, Paleoceanography, 9, 943972 1994.