9.2 Chemical Denudation
7
};ü/ ::
171
INDUS
(VARIOUS
SEDIM. ROCKS)
4
2~it3 5 ....
58
INDONESIA 1)
(VOLC. AND
SEDIM. ROCKS)
0~7 6
1.
. . .
3
1 3 10 ' ~; 10
ORINOCO 3)
(CRYST. AND
ARGILL ROCKS)
3 1
4
J~'2:313
AMAZON R. 1)
(ARGILL AND
CRYST. ROCKS)
2 1
.... .3
~: :- ;:] 1,3
210 33
CONGO (ZAIRE)
(CRYST. AHD
SED. ROCKS)
3
5
5
_ _ ~3
......... 9
167
GANGES 1)
(CRYST., VOLC., AND
SEDIM. ROCKS)
.-----...... 7
0.5
9
-"----I7""~_.
6 . .
4
110
5
5.5
.----__ ...... 4
YANGTZE 5)
(V ARIOUS SEDIM.
AND CRYST. ROCKS)
OB. YENISEI
(SED. & CRYST. ROCKS)
f~7
S~ 4
39
4
WORlD 15
RIVERS ",--, ' ~-c-;-"
(AVERAGE)
98 110
<25<: ' ........ _ .... .
379
MURRAY 1)
(PARTL Y FROM
SEMI-ARID AREAS)
19
: :)24{
K
115
(-120 1
SCANDINAVIAN R.
(CRYSTALLINE ROCKS)
MISSISSIPPI ,)
(DIFF. SEDIM. ROCKS)
5.5 . .
.. ..... .. ~
2
:: : 31 ::
5.5
. . .
14 69
PARANA 1)
(SED. & VOLC. R.)
15~
: .... 11
:)6.:3
... .
4
... .
15 66
NIGER 1)
(CRYST. AHD
SED. ROCKS)
~--, ... 8
11
3
NllE R. 2)
(CRYST., VOLC.,
AHD SED. ROCKS)
DANUBE R. 1)
(PARTl Y
RIO GRANDE
lIMESTONES)
(PARTLY EVAPORIT
429
Fig. 9.8. Water chemistry of major rivers of the
world, all values in mg/I, chemical species marked in
Rio Grande plot and in Fig. 9.6. Total dissolved solids TDS increase with the proportion of carbonate
and evaporitic rocks in the drainage basin (e.g. Danube and Rio Grande rivers). Rivers draining tropical
zones with deep soils are low in TDS and little affected by parent rock types (e.g., Congo, Orinoco rivers,
etc.). Many large rivers drain areas of mixed rock
types and zones of different climate and relief, and
therefore show medium TDS values (e.g., Nile, rivers
of India, Yangtze, etc.). (Mainly after Livingstone
1963; Meybeck 1979, 1983, 1987; supplemented by
Degens et al. 1982, 1983, 1985; and others)