148
Chapter 3 Coastal and Shallow Sea Sediments
a PROGRADING REEF (CARBONATE PLATFORM) SEQUENCE
FORE REEF FRONT
REEF
AND REEF FLAT
BACK REEF
WITH LAGOON
__ _ _ __
____ _______ _".

. _ ... , . .$.' ....
_ -- - i~":'~~- CONTINENTAL (cT)
S RELALTEIYyEEL RISE
"'~-'\~§.~ .. ~-=-~~~ ~- TIDAL FLATS(T) AND
EA~ u
·~~·· " !L\ " •• /
' --=-~'F""" --~
- ....... --.-:0:-:- ;-"' . . . :. : . ":;, '~ u • . , . -
' ~:·~~:S- ::;:::: ~ --- - <;',g - NEARSHORE MUD BELT (NMB)
_
.....:.:.~ ... -. . .. . . l1li
. . . .. ~o~ . oo·Q
~'. ~ ::~:" ~.: ' "..
- - _ _
-
- ~-:::-:.:..::::> ~. :-:~ o. ' 0 D ':." ~ ~
'. -,.,~:::::::.:.i:;.;.' ~c;;::::
-~ - LAGOONAL LlME MUD PELLET
-
-
-
-<=.. ... ....... ' " , ... " . · ~n~ 0 -,
... :- .... :.:: .. ; ' • .. ... 5 ; :os=:
'
-
-
--~: .. ' ,' . . - ". ' -." J ,, -
' -' ~ __ ',-,. ';; . . "
MUD, BITUM. MARL (L)
-
-:-2'~::::::::._~~.~~l>:: q __ •
.:.~ .. <:.~?. ~ _ SKELETAL SANDS, PATCH (SJ
DEEP BASIN
- - - - - -
'7_::';:. ':,':.', .. " . ,'Q ~_
REEFS
OR SHALLOWER
- - ==--=-- -=--=-~~-> , .. . ::.' , ' ,0 ? ' -'; . O! C
- REEF FRONT (RF)
INTERREEF (INTER- - - - ------'i:'_. : ,'-'-;., • - .', I> .: I) ~ 0
PLATFORM) BASIN
--=: =-Z'~-f:.'~" .: • . ", • • "
.....:..,. , ' . . - - FORE RE EI' TALUS
- - -
-~ : L':;':~ . . : . .
AND 'PELAGICS' (FRn
- - -
HEMIPELAGIC TO PELAGIC
OOZE (CHALK, LIMESTONE)
AND MARL (HP)
b
" DROWNING" OR DECLINING CARBONATE BUILDUP
SHELF MUD
SHOREFACE SAND
SEA-LEYEL RISE
FINING(OEEPENING-) UP
SHALLOWING AND
DEEPENING-UP
DEEPENING-UP
(FINING- AND COARSENING-UP)
C
EMERGING CARBONATE BUILDUP
C 1 FALLING SEA-LEYEL
CT
INTENSE
MEDIUM
LlTTLE
KARSTIFICATION
C2 FALLING AND RISING SEA-LEYEL
KARSTrF.,
LITTLE RESIDUE
LOCAL REGENERATION
OF REEF GROWTH
Fig. 3.28. a Complete, idealized sequence of a
prograding carbonate buildup (reef front). Note the
limited thickness of each facies (in contrast to Fig.
3 .25e); the proportions of different facies zones
change during the carbonate buildup; coarsening
(shallowing) upward and fining upward occur repeatedly. b "Drowning" or declining reef, due to rapid
sea-level rise or, more likely, to deteriorated conditions for reef growth. The facies zones of the carbonate buildup migrate landward and are subsequently
terrninated or replaced by sediments characteristic of
deeper water. For abbrevations see a, Note differences in the vertical seetions I to 3. c Perrnanently
(cl) or temporarily (c2) emerging and karstified carbonate buildups. cl Different intensities of
karstification in relation to climate, duration of
subaerial exposure, or type and thickness of overlying beds. c2 Renewed carbonate buildup starts on
topographie highs of previously karstified land surface