180
A. Bhattacharya Embankments and Their Ecological Impacts
It is suggested that, in future, the construction of new embankments should be restricted to areas above the supratidal zone in order to provide sufficient space for the
landward growth of the mangroves. Safeguarding these forests would also impart greater
stability and durability to the embankments. Because of the huge construction and
maintenance costs involved, these considerations would be of key importance in any
cost-benefit analyses of embankment construction in the Sunderbans coastal plains.
References
Banerjee BN (1972) Navigation in a tidal river with particular reference to river Hooghly. In: Bagchi KG
(ed) The Bhagirathi-Hooghly basin. ProcInterdisc Symp. Calcutta Univ Publ, India, pp 154-167
Bhattacharya A (1993) Backwash-and-swash-oriented current crescents: indicators of beach slbpe,current direction and environment. Sediment GeoI84:139-148
Bhattacharya A (1997a) Morphodynamics of the coastal tract of West Bengal, northeast India, and evidence of shoreline displacement. Int Sem Quaternary sea-level variation, shoreline displacement
and coastal environment. Tamil Univ, Thanjavur, 20-26 Jan 1997. Abstr Vol, pp 20-21
Bhattacharya A (1997b) Hazards related to embankments behind the intertidal zone: a case study from
the tropical low-lying coastal plains of the deltaic Sunderbans, eastern India. In: Vollmer M.
Delafontaine MT (eds) Proc 1" Int Symp Large-Scale Constructions in Coastal Environments. 21-25
April 1997, Norderney (Germany). Ber. Forschungszentrum Terramare 1:30-31
Bhattacharya A, Das GK (1994) Piecemeal mechanism of bank erosion following subsidence: a case study
from Thakuran river of deltaic Sunderbans, West Bengal. J Ind Soc Coast Agric Res 1(2):231-234
Biswas B (1963) Results of exploration for petroleum in the western part of the Bengal basin, India. Proc
2nd Symp Dev Petrol Res ECAFE. Min Res Dev Ser 18:241-250
Chatterjee SP (1972) The Bhagirathi-Hooghly Basin. In: Bagchi KG (ed) The Bhagirathi-Hooghly basin.
Proc Interdisc Symp. Calcutta Univ Publ, India, pp 19-24
Daiber FC (1986) Conservation of tidal marshes. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York
Davies JL (1964) A morphogenic approach of world shorelines. Z GeomorphoI8:27-42
Johnson RB, Graff JV de (1988) Principles of engineering geology. John Wiley & Sons, New York
Mandai AK, Ghosh RK (1989) Sunderban - a socio-ecological study. Bookland Priv Ltd, Calcutta
Mazda Y, Magi M, Kogo M, Hong PN (1997) Mangroves as a coastal protection from waves in the Tong
King delta, Vietnam. Mangroves Salt Marshes 1(2):127-135
Morgan JP (1965) Depositional processes and products in the deltaic environment. In: Morgan JP (ed)
Deltaic sedimentation. Soc Econ Pal Min Spec Pub116. Blackwell, oxford, pp 30-47
Naskar KR (1996) Sunderbaner Mohonaban 0 tar Sankat. In: Bengal activists for biodiversity and environment. Banglar ban 0 Kalkatar Pariballan, pp 11-16 (in Bengali)
Petts G, Calow P (eds) (1996) River restoration. Blackwell Science, London
Sengupta S (1972) Geological framework of the Bhagirathi-Hooghly basin. In: Bagchi KG (ed) The
Bhagirathi-Hooghly basin. Proc Interdisc Symp. Calcutta Univ Publ, India, pp 3-8
Sharma BC (1994) Lower Sunderban. The Asiatic Soc Publ, India
Youd TL (1984) Geologic effects -liquefaction and associated ground failure. US Geol Surv Open-File
Rep 84-760:231-238
Youd TL, Keefer DK (1981) Earthquake-induced ground failure in facing geologic and hydrologic hazards - earth science considerations. US Geol Surv Prof Paper 1240-B:23-31
Woodroffe CD (1990) The impact of sea-level rise on mangrove shorelines. Prog Phys Geogr 14(4):
483-520
A. Bhattacharya Embankments and Their Ecological Impacts
It is suggested that, in future, the construction of new embankments should be restricted to areas above the supratidal zone in order to provide sufficient space for the
landward growth of the mangroves. Safeguarding these forests would also impart greater
stability and durability to the embankments. Because of the huge construction and
maintenance costs involved, these considerations would be of key importance in any
cost-benefit analyses of embankment construction in the Sunderbans coastal plains.
References
Banerjee BN (1972) Navigation in a tidal river with particular reference to river Hooghly. In: Bagchi KG
(ed) The Bhagirathi-Hooghly basin. ProcInterdisc Symp. Calcutta Univ Publ, India, pp 154-167
Bhattacharya A (1993) Backwash-and-swash-oriented current crescents: indicators of beach slbpe,current direction and environment. Sediment GeoI84:139-148
Bhattacharya A (1997a) Morphodynamics of the coastal tract of West Bengal, northeast India, and evidence of shoreline displacement. Int Sem Quaternary sea-level variation, shoreline displacement
and coastal environment. Tamil Univ, Thanjavur, 20-26 Jan 1997. Abstr Vol, pp 20-21
Bhattacharya A (1997b) Hazards related to embankments behind the intertidal zone: a case study from
the tropical low-lying coastal plains of the deltaic Sunderbans, eastern India. In: Vollmer M.
Delafontaine MT (eds) Proc 1" Int Symp Large-Scale Constructions in Coastal Environments. 21-25
April 1997, Norderney (Germany). Ber. Forschungszentrum Terramare 1:30-31
Bhattacharya A, Das GK (1994) Piecemeal mechanism of bank erosion following subsidence: a case study
from Thakuran river of deltaic Sunderbans, West Bengal. J Ind Soc Coast Agric Res 1(2):231-234
Biswas B (1963) Results of exploration for petroleum in the western part of the Bengal basin, India. Proc
2nd Symp Dev Petrol Res ECAFE. Min Res Dev Ser 18:241-250
Chatterjee SP (1972) The Bhagirathi-Hooghly Basin. In: Bagchi KG (ed) The Bhagirathi-Hooghly basin.
Proc Interdisc Symp. Calcutta Univ Publ, India, pp 19-24
Daiber FC (1986) Conservation of tidal marshes. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York
Davies JL (1964) A morphogenic approach of world shorelines. Z GeomorphoI8:27-42
Johnson RB, Graff JV de (1988) Principles of engineering geology. John Wiley & Sons, New York
Mandai AK, Ghosh RK (1989) Sunderban - a socio-ecological study. Bookland Priv Ltd, Calcutta
Mazda Y, Magi M, Kogo M, Hong PN (1997) Mangroves as a coastal protection from waves in the Tong
King delta, Vietnam. Mangroves Salt Marshes 1(2):127-135
Morgan JP (1965) Depositional processes and products in the deltaic environment. In: Morgan JP (ed)
Deltaic sedimentation. Soc Econ Pal Min Spec Pub116. Blackwell, oxford, pp 30-47
Naskar KR (1996) Sunderbaner Mohonaban 0 tar Sankat. In: Bengal activists for biodiversity and environment. Banglar ban 0 Kalkatar Pariballan, pp 11-16 (in Bengali)
Petts G, Calow P (eds) (1996) River restoration. Blackwell Science, London
Sengupta S (1972) Geological framework of the Bhagirathi-Hooghly basin. In: Bagchi KG (ed) The
Bhagirathi-Hooghly basin. Proc Interdisc Symp. Calcutta Univ Publ, India, pp 3-8
Sharma BC (1994) Lower Sunderban. The Asiatic Soc Publ, India
Youd TL (1984) Geologic effects -liquefaction and associated ground failure. US Geol Surv Open-File
Rep 84-760:231-238
Youd TL, Keefer DK (1981) Earthquake-induced ground failure in facing geologic and hydrologic hazards - earth science considerations. US Geol Surv Prof Paper 1240-B:23-31
Woodroffe CD (1990) The impact of sea-level rise on mangrove shorelines. Prog Phys Geogr 14(4):
483-520