128
Appendices
and heritage (long term resources), with respect to current knowledge and conditions (Table A.2).
This knowledge was then systematically organised following discussions and
contributions for each type of deposit, distinguishing known characteristics, relative
certainties and major uncertainties. These analyses are summarised in the first
chapter of this document in the section: “relative certainties and uncertainties” by
deposit type.
Stage 2. The development potential of marine mineral resources by 2030 This stage
includes two objectives: to put forward a strategic and technico-economic interpretation for the main metals present in marine mineral resources, from a multi-criteria
analysis, taking into account the range of interests in marine mineral resources:
economic, heritage, scientific, geopolitical, to evaluate their attractiveness and the
associated challenges.
Multi-Criteria Analysis of Metals Present in Marine Mineral Resources
Existing analyses (European Union, OECD, United States) take little or no account
of the substitutability of metals in their uses, the development of known land-based
resources and the “recoverability” of metals. They mainly focus on an interpretation
of supply risks (political and technical) and the medium term economic importance.
This work therefore focused, in this second stage, on taking into account complementary dimensions (evolution of land-based supply, substitutability…) and the
Table A.2 General framework of knowledge of marine mineral resources
Type
Field of discussions
Hydrothermal
sulphides
Cobalt-rich crusts Nodules
Hydrogen
Scientific knowledge +
+
+ +
+ Studies
Legal field, licenses/
permits
ISA application in
progress
Operational in
EEZ; ISA application under
preparation
+ +
?
Technologies for
industry
Land-based exploitation in progress;
1 offshore project
(Nautilus)
Exploration tools;
no exploitation
+ +
?
Development
conditions
High variability:
sites, volumes,
metals
a
? Mainly for Co
and Pt. Still only
exploration
?
?
Environmental knowledge and constraints
Low; sites often
biologically rich
Practically unexplored; under
study (marine
volcanoes)
Under debate
?
Socio-political
sensitivity
?
High in French
overseas
territories
High in French
overseas
territories
?
a
Cobalt, manganese, copper, zinc, tellurium, indium, titanium, ruthenium, gold, silver, platinum
Appendices
and heritage (long term resources), with respect to current knowledge and conditions (Table A.2).
This knowledge was then systematically organised following discussions and
contributions for each type of deposit, distinguishing known characteristics, relative
certainties and major uncertainties. These analyses are summarised in the first
chapter of this document in the section: “relative certainties and uncertainties” by
deposit type.
Stage 2. The development potential of marine mineral resources by 2030 This stage
includes two objectives: to put forward a strategic and technico-economic interpretation for the main metals present in marine mineral resources, from a multi-criteria
analysis, taking into account the range of interests in marine mineral resources:
economic, heritage, scientific, geopolitical, to evaluate their attractiveness and the
associated challenges.
Multi-Criteria Analysis of Metals Present in Marine Mineral Resources
Existing analyses (European Union, OECD, United States) take little or no account
of the substitutability of metals in their uses, the development of known land-based
resources and the “recoverability” of metals. They mainly focus on an interpretation
of supply risks (political and technical) and the medium term economic importance.
This work therefore focused, in this second stage, on taking into account complementary dimensions (evolution of land-based supply, substitutability…) and the
Table A.2 General framework of knowledge of marine mineral resources
Type
Field of discussions
Hydrothermal
sulphides
Cobalt-rich crusts Nodules
Hydrogen
Scientific knowledge +
+
+ +
+ Studies
Legal field, licenses/
permits
ISA application in
progress
Operational in
EEZ; ISA application under
preparation
+ +
?
Technologies for
industry
Land-based exploitation in progress;
1 offshore project
(Nautilus)
Exploration tools;
no exploitation
+ +
?
Development
conditions
High variability:
sites, volumes,
metals
a
? Mainly for Co
and Pt. Still only
exploration
?
?
Environmental knowledge and constraints
Low; sites often
biologically rich
Practically unexplored; under
study (marine
volcanoes)
Under debate
?
Socio-political
sensitivity
?
High in French
overseas
territories
High in French
overseas
territories
?
a
Cobalt, manganese, copper, zinc, tellurium, indium, titanium, ruthenium, gold, silver, platinum