6 Scatterometer’s Unique Capability in Measuring Ocean Surface Stress
109
Development, implementation and evaluation of a data-assimilative ocean forecasting system
off the central California coast. Deep Sea Res II, 56:100–126
Charnock H (1955) Wind stress on a water surface. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 81:639–640
Chelton DB, Esbensen SK, Schlax MG, Thum N, Freilich MH, Wentz FJ, Gentemann CL,
McPhaden MJ, Schoff PS (2001) Observations of coupling between surface wind stress and
sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific. J Clim 14:1479–1498
DeCosmo J, Katsaors KB, Smith SD, Anderson RJ, Oost WA, Bumke K, Chadwick H (1996) Airsea exchange of water vapor and sensible heat: the humidity exchange over the sea (HEXOS)
results. J Geophys Res 101:12001–12016
Donelan MA, Drenan WM, Katsaros KB (1997) The air-sea momentum flux in conditions of wind
sea and swell. J Phys Oceanogr 27:2087–2099
Donelan MA, Haus BK, Reul N, Plant WJ, Stiassnie M, Graber HC, Brown OB, Saltzman ES
(2004) On the limiting aerodynamic roughness of the ocean in very strong winds. Geophys Res
Lett 31:L18306, doi:10.1029/2004GL019460
Donelan MA, Pierson WJ (1987) Radar scattering and equilibrium ranges in wind-generated waves
with application to scatterometry. J Geophys Res 92:4971–5029
Donnelly WJ, Carswell JR, McIntosh RE, Chang PS, Wilkerson J, Marks F, Black PG (1999)
Revised ocean backscatter models at C and Ku band under high-wind conditions. J Geophys
Res 104:11485–11497
Emanuel K (1995) Sensitivity of tropical cyclones to surface exchange coefficients and a revised
steady state model incorporating eye dynamics. J Atmos Sci 52:3969–3976
Esteban-Fernandez D, Carswell JR, Frasier S, Chang PS, Black PG, Marks FD (2006) Dualpolarized C- and Ku-band ocean backscatter response to hurricane-force winds. J Geophys
Res 111:C08013, doi:10.1029/2005JC003048
Fairall CW, Bradley EF, Rogers DP, Edson JB, Young GS (1996) Bulk parameterization of air-sea
fluxes in TOGA COARE. J Geophys Res 101:3747–3767
Freilich MH (1996) SeaWinds Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document. NASA ATBD-SWS-01
Fukumori I (2002) A partitioned Kalman filter and smoother. Mon Wea Rev 130:1370–1383
Hogg AMC, Dewar WK, Berloff P, Kravstov S, Hutchinson DK (2009) The effects of mesoscale
ocean-atmosphere coupling on the large-scale ocean circulation. J Clim 22:4066–4082
Jones WL, Schroeder LC (1978) Radar backscatter from the ocean: dependence on surface friction
velocity. Bound Layer 13:133–149
Kondo J (1975) Air-sea bulk transfer coefficients in diabetic conditions. Bound-Layer Meteor
9:91–112
Lagerloef GSE, Mitchum G, Lukas R, Niiler P (1999) Tropical Pacific near surface currents
estimated from altimeter, wind and drifter data. J Geophys Res 104:23313–23326
Large WG, Pond S (1981) Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds.
J Phys Oceanogr 11:324–336
Lee T, Liu WT (2005) Effects of high-frequency wind sampling on simulated mixed layer depth
and upper ocean temperature. J Geophys Res 110(C5):C05002, doi:10.1029/2004JC002746
Lin I-I, Liu WT, Wu CC, Chiang JC, Sui CH (2003) Satellite observations of modulation
of surface winds by typhoon-induced upper ocean cooling. Geophys Res Lett 30:1131,
doi:10.1029/2002GL015674
Liu WT (2002) Progress in scatterometer application. J Oceanogr 58:121–136
Liu WT (2010) Sea surface wind/stress vector. Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing, Springer,
Heidelberg (in press)
Liu WT, Blanc TV (1984) The Liu, Katsaros and Businger (1979) Bulk Atmospheric Flux
Computational Iteration Program in FORTRAN and BASIC. NRL Memo. Rep. 5291, Naval
Research Laboratory, Washington DC, 16pp
Liu WT, Katsaros KB, Businger JA (1979) Bulk parameterization of air-sea exchanges in heat and
water vapor including the molecular constraints at the interface. J Atmos Sci 36:1722–1735
Liu WT, Large WG (1981) Determination of surface stress by Seasat-SASS: a case study with
JASIN Data. J Phys Oceanogr 11:1603–1611
109
Development, implementation and evaluation of a data-assimilative ocean forecasting system
off the central California coast. Deep Sea Res II, 56:100–126
Charnock H (1955) Wind stress on a water surface. Quart J Roy Meteor Soc 81:639–640
Chelton DB, Esbensen SK, Schlax MG, Thum N, Freilich MH, Wentz FJ, Gentemann CL,
McPhaden MJ, Schoff PS (2001) Observations of coupling between surface wind stress and
sea surface temperature in the eastern tropical Pacific. J Clim 14:1479–1498
DeCosmo J, Katsaors KB, Smith SD, Anderson RJ, Oost WA, Bumke K, Chadwick H (1996) Airsea exchange of water vapor and sensible heat: the humidity exchange over the sea (HEXOS)
results. J Geophys Res 101:12001–12016
Donelan MA, Drenan WM, Katsaros KB (1997) The air-sea momentum flux in conditions of wind
sea and swell. J Phys Oceanogr 27:2087–2099
Donelan MA, Haus BK, Reul N, Plant WJ, Stiassnie M, Graber HC, Brown OB, Saltzman ES
(2004) On the limiting aerodynamic roughness of the ocean in very strong winds. Geophys Res
Lett 31:L18306, doi:10.1029/2004GL019460
Donelan MA, Pierson WJ (1987) Radar scattering and equilibrium ranges in wind-generated waves
with application to scatterometry. J Geophys Res 92:4971–5029
Donnelly WJ, Carswell JR, McIntosh RE, Chang PS, Wilkerson J, Marks F, Black PG (1999)
Revised ocean backscatter models at C and Ku band under high-wind conditions. J Geophys
Res 104:11485–11497
Emanuel K (1995) Sensitivity of tropical cyclones to surface exchange coefficients and a revised
steady state model incorporating eye dynamics. J Atmos Sci 52:3969–3976
Esteban-Fernandez D, Carswell JR, Frasier S, Chang PS, Black PG, Marks FD (2006) Dualpolarized C- and Ku-band ocean backscatter response to hurricane-force winds. J Geophys
Res 111:C08013, doi:10.1029/2005JC003048
Fairall CW, Bradley EF, Rogers DP, Edson JB, Young GS (1996) Bulk parameterization of air-sea
fluxes in TOGA COARE. J Geophys Res 101:3747–3767
Freilich MH (1996) SeaWinds Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document. NASA ATBD-SWS-01
Fukumori I (2002) A partitioned Kalman filter and smoother. Mon Wea Rev 130:1370–1383
Hogg AMC, Dewar WK, Berloff P, Kravstov S, Hutchinson DK (2009) The effects of mesoscale
ocean-atmosphere coupling on the large-scale ocean circulation. J Clim 22:4066–4082
Jones WL, Schroeder LC (1978) Radar backscatter from the ocean: dependence on surface friction
velocity. Bound Layer 13:133–149
Kondo J (1975) Air-sea bulk transfer coefficients in diabetic conditions. Bound-Layer Meteor
9:91–112
Lagerloef GSE, Mitchum G, Lukas R, Niiler P (1999) Tropical Pacific near surface currents
estimated from altimeter, wind and drifter data. J Geophys Res 104:23313–23326
Large WG, Pond S (1981) Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds.
J Phys Oceanogr 11:324–336
Lee T, Liu WT (2005) Effects of high-frequency wind sampling on simulated mixed layer depth
and upper ocean temperature. J Geophys Res 110(C5):C05002, doi:10.1029/2004JC002746
Lin I-I, Liu WT, Wu CC, Chiang JC, Sui CH (2003) Satellite observations of modulation
of surface winds by typhoon-induced upper ocean cooling. Geophys Res Lett 30:1131,
doi:10.1029/2002GL015674
Liu WT (2002) Progress in scatterometer application. J Oceanogr 58:121–136
Liu WT (2010) Sea surface wind/stress vector. Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing, Springer,
Heidelberg (in press)
Liu WT, Blanc TV (1984) The Liu, Katsaros and Businger (1979) Bulk Atmospheric Flux
Computational Iteration Program in FORTRAN and BASIC. NRL Memo. Rep. 5291, Naval
Research Laboratory, Washington DC, 16pp
Liu WT, Katsaros KB, Businger JA (1979) Bulk parameterization of air-sea exchanges in heat and
water vapor including the molecular constraints at the interface. J Atmos Sci 36:1722–1735
Liu WT, Large WG (1981) Determination of surface stress by Seasat-SASS: a case study with
JASIN Data. J Phys Oceanogr 11:1603–1611