xviii
List of Figures
4.3
The replica of the Borobudur double-outrigger which sailed
from Java to Africa in August 2003 (photo courtesy Philip
Beale/The Borobudur Expedition) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
5.1
The Kuro Shio Route showing the clockwise loop of
ocean currents in the northern Pacific made by the Kuro
Shio Current and the North Equatorial Current. (Based
on a map of world ocean currents on pp. 12–13 of The
Times Concise Atlas, Australian edition, 1976.) Copyright
Times Newspapers Ltd and John Bartholomew and Son.
Reproduced with permission from HarperCollins Publishers . . . .
88
8.1
A map showing ocean loops in two oceans which might
have facilitated Spice Island trading of American plants to
India. (Based on a map of world ocean currents on pp. 12–13
of The Times Concise Atlas, Australian edition 1976.)
Copyright Times Newspapers Ltd and John Bartholomew
and Son. Reproduced with permission from HarperCollins
Publishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
9.1
The East Australian Current Route to New Zealand from
the Spice Islands. (Based on a map of world currents
on pp. 12–13 of The Times Concise Atlas, Australian
edition 1976.) Copyright Times Newspapers Ltd and
John Bartholomew and Son. Reproduced with permission
from HarperCollins Publishers. The response of the East
Australian Current to the landmass of New Zealand is
particularly striking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
10.1 A chart based on Edwin Burrows’ analysis of the distribution
of western and eastern cultural traits in Polynesia . . . . . . . . . . 163
11.1 The volcanic cone pa of Mount Eden, Auckland. Aerial
view from the east showing extensive terracing, crater and
strong points. Reproduced with permission from Alexander
Turnbull Library, Wellington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
12.1 Global climate change in New Zealand AD 200–1950.
Reproduced with permission from Auckland University Press . . . 202
12.2 The volcanic cone pa of One Tree Hill on the Auckland
Isthmus. Reproduced with permission from Alexander
Turnbull Library, Wellington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
13.1 These two posts suggest the unscaleable height of the
palisade to which they belonged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
13.2 Otatara Pa. The population capacity of this pa is clear: every
wrinkle in the landscape represents a terrace on which a
house or houses once stood. Reproduced with permission
from NZ Aerial Mapping Ltd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
14.1 Walton’s map of pa distribution for a sample of 931 pa . . . . . . . 236
19.1 A diagram linking the birth of Hema, southern migrations
to Hawaii and voyages of Polynesian navigators with the
List of Figures
4.3
The replica of the Borobudur double-outrigger which sailed
from Java to Africa in August 2003 (photo courtesy Philip
Beale/The Borobudur Expedition) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
5.1
The Kuro Shio Route showing the clockwise loop of
ocean currents in the northern Pacific made by the Kuro
Shio Current and the North Equatorial Current. (Based
on a map of world ocean currents on pp. 12–13 of The
Times Concise Atlas, Australian edition, 1976.) Copyright
Times Newspapers Ltd and John Bartholomew and Son.
Reproduced with permission from HarperCollins Publishers . . . .
88
8.1
A map showing ocean loops in two oceans which might
have facilitated Spice Island trading of American plants to
India. (Based on a map of world ocean currents on pp. 12–13
of The Times Concise Atlas, Australian edition 1976.)
Copyright Times Newspapers Ltd and John Bartholomew
and Son. Reproduced with permission from HarperCollins
Publishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
9.1
The East Australian Current Route to New Zealand from
the Spice Islands. (Based on a map of world currents
on pp. 12–13 of The Times Concise Atlas, Australian
edition 1976.) Copyright Times Newspapers Ltd and
John Bartholomew and Son. Reproduced with permission
from HarperCollins Publishers. The response of the East
Australian Current to the landmass of New Zealand is
particularly striking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
10.1 A chart based on Edwin Burrows’ analysis of the distribution
of western and eastern cultural traits in Polynesia . . . . . . . . . . 163
11.1 The volcanic cone pa of Mount Eden, Auckland. Aerial
view from the east showing extensive terracing, crater and
strong points. Reproduced with permission from Alexander
Turnbull Library, Wellington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
12.1 Global climate change in New Zealand AD 200–1950.
Reproduced with permission from Auckland University Press . . . 202
12.2 The volcanic cone pa of One Tree Hill on the Auckland
Isthmus. Reproduced with permission from Alexander
Turnbull Library, Wellington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
13.1 These two posts suggest the unscaleable height of the
palisade to which they belonged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
13.2 Otatara Pa. The population capacity of this pa is clear: every
wrinkle in the landscape represents a terrace on which a
house or houses once stood. Reproduced with permission
from NZ Aerial Mapping Ltd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
14.1 Walton’s map of pa distribution for a sample of 931 pa . . . . . . . 236
19.1 A diagram linking the birth of Hema, southern migrations
to Hawaii and voyages of Polynesian navigators with the