60
Land-Ocean SYstems in the Siberian Arctic: Dynamics and History
seas during intensive melting of drifting sea ice.
where: A1,2.3,4 - albedo of wet snow, bare and dirty ice, puddles; S1,2,3,4 - relative square of
different types of ice cover.
Table 1: Weather and ice conditions. Ta - air temperature, h - relative humidity, H-Iow boundary of clouds, N -
type and quantity of clouds, Q - solar radiation.
Ta
(C)
0.4
h
(%)
98
H
(ft)
300
N
(type/th)
StcullO
Q
(W/m2)
80-150
Puddles
(%)
30
Dirty ice
(%)
15-20
Bare ice
(%)
5-10
Ice thickness
(m)
2-3
Table 2: Sea ice albedo, calculated on the base of data (August 12-21,1993). z - depth of puddles, hi - thickness
of ice rind, hs - snow depth.
Type I. Albedo of puddles:
a) without sediments on the bottom and ice rind
5 em < z < 20 em
20 em < z < 30 cm
30 em < z < 50 em
b) with ice rind on surface
hi=5 mm
hi=lOmm
c) with sediments on the bottom (patches,
cryoconites, thaw holes)
Type II. Albedo of wet snow:
blue (hs<3 em)
white (3 cm< hs < 5 em)
white (10 cm< hs < 15 cm)
fresh dry snow
Type III. Albedo of bare ice:
blue
white
Type IV. Albedo of dirty ice:
slightly
medium
dark
A = 30 +/- 5 %
A = 30 +/- 5 %
A = 26 +/- 3 %
A = 34 +/- 5 %
A = 38 +/- 6 %
A = 14 +/- 6 %
A = 64 +/- 8 %
A = 68 +/- 2 %
A = 70 +/- 4 %
A = 78 +/- 8 %
A = 56 +/- 6 %
A = 64 +/- 3 %
A = 55 +/- 6 %
A = 34 +/- 9 %
A= 14+/-2%
As it is shown in Table 2, the albedos for the shallow (z < 30 cm) ponds are nearly
independent of pond depth. These estimations reasonably agree with observations and
calculations, made by other investigators (Figurel). In particular, Makshtas and Podgorny
(1996) performed measurements in the north-east Svalbard during an expedition onboard RV
"Lance" in August 1993 and calculated averaged albedos of clean ponds: A=0.56 for 0.02-0.35
cm water depth and A=0.35 for 0.50 cm water depth. In spite of the fact that albedo values are
Land-Ocean SYstems in the Siberian Arctic: Dynamics and History
seas during intensive melting of drifting sea ice.
where: A1,2.3,4 - albedo of wet snow, bare and dirty ice, puddles; S1,2,3,4 - relative square of
different types of ice cover.
Table 1: Weather and ice conditions. Ta - air temperature, h - relative humidity, H-Iow boundary of clouds, N -
type and quantity of clouds, Q - solar radiation.
Ta
(C)
0.4
h
(%)
98
H
(ft)
300
N
(type/th)
StcullO
Q
(W/m2)
80-150
Puddles
(%)
30
Dirty ice
(%)
15-20
Bare ice
(%)
5-10
Ice thickness
(m)
2-3
Table 2: Sea ice albedo, calculated on the base of data (August 12-21,1993). z - depth of puddles, hi - thickness
of ice rind, hs - snow depth.
Type I. Albedo of puddles:
a) without sediments on the bottom and ice rind
5 em < z < 20 em
20 em < z < 30 cm
30 em < z < 50 em
b) with ice rind on surface
hi=5 mm
hi=lOmm
c) with sediments on the bottom (patches,
cryoconites, thaw holes)
Type II. Albedo of wet snow:
blue (hs<3 em)
white (3 cm< hs < 5 em)
white (10 cm< hs < 15 cm)
fresh dry snow
Type III. Albedo of bare ice:
blue
white
Type IV. Albedo of dirty ice:
slightly
medium
dark
A = 30 +/- 5 %
A = 30 +/- 5 %
A = 26 +/- 3 %
A = 34 +/- 5 %
A = 38 +/- 6 %
A = 14 +/- 6 %
A = 64 +/- 8 %
A = 68 +/- 2 %
A = 70 +/- 4 %
A = 78 +/- 8 %
A = 56 +/- 6 %
A = 64 +/- 3 %
A = 55 +/- 6 %
A = 34 +/- 9 %
A= 14+/-2%
As it is shown in Table 2, the albedos for the shallow (z < 30 cm) ponds are nearly
independent of pond depth. These estimations reasonably agree with observations and
calculations, made by other investigators (Figurel). In particular, Makshtas and Podgorny
(1996) performed measurements in the north-east Svalbard during an expedition onboard RV
"Lance" in August 1993 and calculated averaged albedos of clean ponds: A=0.56 for 0.02-0.35
cm water depth and A=0.35 for 0.50 cm water depth. In spite of the fact that albedo values are