Golovin et al.: Frazil Ice Formation during the Spring Flood
139
During the peak of its production frazil ice also entraps sediments transported by river water.
When rising to the surface, frazil ice crystals can be incorporated into surface ice. The
formation of frazil ice in the region where Arctic rivers discharge into the seas can be more or
less intense during the whole year. This makes the mechanism of frazil ice formation and
associated incorporation of sediments into the ice cover very important sediment transport and
deposition in these regions. Future studies of the physical and sediment entrainment in prodeltas also contribute to long-range transport in the Transpolar Drift.
Acknowledgments
This article was initiated and written during the joint work of Russian and German authors in
1996 at GEOMAR, Kiel. We are grateful to the German Ministry of Education, Science,
Research and Technology, who provided this possibility. From the Russian side this work was
supported by the Ministry for Science and Technology under the Russian-German project
"Laptev Sea System".
References
Bulatov, R.P. (1963) Some results of ice studies in the Yenisey Gulf (in Russian). Voprosy Geografii, 62, 192197.
Cherepanov, N.V. (1972) Systematizing of crystal ice structures in the Arctic (in Russian). Problemy Arktiki i
Antarktiki, 40, 78-83.
Cherepanov, N.V. and A.M. Kozlovsky (1972) Frazil ice in coastal water of the Antarctic (in Russian). Inform.
Bul. SAE, 84, 61-65.
Fofonoff, N.P. and R.C.Jr. Millard (1983) Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of sea water.
Unesco technical paper in marine science, 44, 53.
Golovin, P.N., S.V. Kochetov and L.A. Timokhov (1993) Features of thermohaline structure of fractures in
summer in the Arctic ice (in Russian). Okeanologiya, 33, 6, 833-838.
Golovin, P.N., V.V. Lukin and A.G. Zatsepin (1996) Frazil ice formation in the summer arctic fracture (in
Russian). Okeanologiya, in press.
Kan, K. and N. Tarnai (1994) Direct measurements of the mutual-entrainment velocity at a density interface. In:
Preprints of Fourth Symp. on Stratified Flows, Vol. 4, Grenoble, France.
Kantha, L.and O.M. Phillips (1977) On turbulent entrainment at a stable density interface. J.Fluid Mech., 79,
753-768.
Kato, H. and O.M. Phillips (1969) On the penetration of a turbulent layer into stratified fluid. J. Fluid. Mech.,
37, 643-655.
Koz10vsky, A.M. (1971) Frazil ice in the Alasheyev Gulf (in Russian). Proc./ SAE, 47, 222-224.
Kry10v, A.D. and A.G. Zatsepin (1992) Frazil ice formation due to difference in heat and salt exchange across a
density interface. J. Marine Systems, 3, 497-506.
Martin, S. (1971) Frazil ice in rivers and oceans. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 13,379-397.
Martin, S. and P. Kauffman (1974) The evolution of under ice melt ponds, or double-diffusion at the freezing
point. J. Fluid Mech., 64, 507-527.
McClimans, T.A., C.E. Steen and G. Kjeldgaard (1978) Ice formation in fresh water cooled by a more saline
underflow. In: Proc. IAMR Symp. ice problems, Pt.2, 331-336.
Nansen, F. (1956) "Fram" in the polar sea.(in Russian). Gosizd. geograf. literatury, Moscow, 384 pp.
Petrov, LG. (1971) Experience of regioning of the ice cover of the Arctic Seas by structure (in Russian).
Proc./AARI, 300, 39-55.
Phillips, O.M. (1977) The dynamics of the upper ocean. Cambridge university press, 380 pp.
Prandtl, L. (1949) Hydroaeromechanics (in Russian). Foreign literature Publishers, Moscow, 520 pp.
Reimnitz, E., J.R.Clayton, E.W. Kempema, J.R. Payne and W.S. Weber (1993) Interaction of rising frazil with
suspended particles: tank experiments with applications to nature. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 21,
117- 135.
Shlikhting, G. (1974) The theory of the boundary layer (in Russian). Nauka, Moscow, 712 pp.
Stigebrandt, A. (1981) On the rate of ice formation in water cooled by a more saline sub-layer. Tellus, 33, 6,
604-609.
Timokhov, L.A.(ed.) (1989) Vertical structure and dynamics of the sub-ice layer of the ocean (in Russian).
Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 141 pp.
139
During the peak of its production frazil ice also entraps sediments transported by river water.
When rising to the surface, frazil ice crystals can be incorporated into surface ice. The
formation of frazil ice in the region where Arctic rivers discharge into the seas can be more or
less intense during the whole year. This makes the mechanism of frazil ice formation and
associated incorporation of sediments into the ice cover very important sediment transport and
deposition in these regions. Future studies of the physical and sediment entrainment in prodeltas also contribute to long-range transport in the Transpolar Drift.
Acknowledgments
This article was initiated and written during the joint work of Russian and German authors in
1996 at GEOMAR, Kiel. We are grateful to the German Ministry of Education, Science,
Research and Technology, who provided this possibility. From the Russian side this work was
supported by the Ministry for Science and Technology under the Russian-German project
"Laptev Sea System".
References
Bulatov, R.P. (1963) Some results of ice studies in the Yenisey Gulf (in Russian). Voprosy Geografii, 62, 192197.
Cherepanov, N.V. (1972) Systematizing of crystal ice structures in the Arctic (in Russian). Problemy Arktiki i
Antarktiki, 40, 78-83.
Cherepanov, N.V. and A.M. Kozlovsky (1972) Frazil ice in coastal water of the Antarctic (in Russian). Inform.
Bul. SAE, 84, 61-65.
Fofonoff, N.P. and R.C.Jr. Millard (1983) Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of sea water.
Unesco technical paper in marine science, 44, 53.
Golovin, P.N., S.V. Kochetov and L.A. Timokhov (1993) Features of thermohaline structure of fractures in
summer in the Arctic ice (in Russian). Okeanologiya, 33, 6, 833-838.
Golovin, P.N., V.V. Lukin and A.G. Zatsepin (1996) Frazil ice formation in the summer arctic fracture (in
Russian). Okeanologiya, in press.
Kan, K. and N. Tarnai (1994) Direct measurements of the mutual-entrainment velocity at a density interface. In:
Preprints of Fourth Symp. on Stratified Flows, Vol. 4, Grenoble, France.
Kantha, L.and O.M. Phillips (1977) On turbulent entrainment at a stable density interface. J.Fluid Mech., 79,
753-768.
Kato, H. and O.M. Phillips (1969) On the penetration of a turbulent layer into stratified fluid. J. Fluid. Mech.,
37, 643-655.
Koz10vsky, A.M. (1971) Frazil ice in the Alasheyev Gulf (in Russian). Proc./ SAE, 47, 222-224.
Kry10v, A.D. and A.G. Zatsepin (1992) Frazil ice formation due to difference in heat and salt exchange across a
density interface. J. Marine Systems, 3, 497-506.
Martin, S. (1971) Frazil ice in rivers and oceans. Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 13,379-397.
Martin, S. and P. Kauffman (1974) The evolution of under ice melt ponds, or double-diffusion at the freezing
point. J. Fluid Mech., 64, 507-527.
McClimans, T.A., C.E. Steen and G. Kjeldgaard (1978) Ice formation in fresh water cooled by a more saline
underflow. In: Proc. IAMR Symp. ice problems, Pt.2, 331-336.
Nansen, F. (1956) "Fram" in the polar sea.(in Russian). Gosizd. geograf. literatury, Moscow, 384 pp.
Petrov, LG. (1971) Experience of regioning of the ice cover of the Arctic Seas by structure (in Russian).
Proc./AARI, 300, 39-55.
Phillips, O.M. (1977) The dynamics of the upper ocean. Cambridge university press, 380 pp.
Prandtl, L. (1949) Hydroaeromechanics (in Russian). Foreign literature Publishers, Moscow, 520 pp.
Reimnitz, E., J.R.Clayton, E.W. Kempema, J.R. Payne and W.S. Weber (1993) Interaction of rising frazil with
suspended particles: tank experiments with applications to nature. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 21,
117- 135.
Shlikhting, G. (1974) The theory of the boundary layer (in Russian). Nauka, Moscow, 712 pp.
Stigebrandt, A. (1981) On the rate of ice formation in water cooled by a more saline sub-layer. Tellus, 33, 6,
604-609.
Timokhov, L.A.(ed.) (1989) Vertical structure and dynamics of the sub-ice layer of the ocean (in Russian).
Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 141 pp.