Schopf, T. J. M., 1980. Paleoceanography. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 341 pp, figs, tables.
Shackleton, N. J., 1987. Oxygen isotopes, ice volume and sea-level.
Quaternary Science Reviews, 6, 183–190.
Stärz, M., Gong, X., Stein, R., Darby, D. A., Kauker, F., and
Lohmann, G., 2012. Glacial shortcut of Arctic sea-ice transport.
Earth Plant Science Letters, 357–358, 257–267.
Stickley, C. E., St. John, K., and Koç, N., 2009. Evidence for
middle Eocene Arctic sea ice from diatoms and ice-rafted
debris. Nature, 460, 376–379, doi:10.1038/nature 08163, 16 July
2009.
Svensson, A., Bicaye, P., and Grousset, F. E., 2000. Characterization of late glacial continental dust in the Greenland Ice Core
Project ice core. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105(D4),
4637–4656.
Thiede, J., 1979. Wind regimes over the late Quaternary Southwest
Pacific Ocean. Geology, 7, 259–262.
Thiede, J., Jessen, C., and Kuijpers, A., 2011. Millions of years of
Greenland Ice Sheet history recorded in ocean sediments.
Polarforschung, 80(3), 141–159.
Thiede, J., Suess, E., and Müller, P., 1982. Late Quaternary fluxes of
major sediment components to the seafloor along the northwest
African continental slope. In von Rad, U., et al. (eds.), Geology
of the Northwest African Continental Margin. Heidelberg:
Springer, pp. 605–631.
Thiede, J., and Tiedemann, R., 1998. Die Alternative: NatürlicheKlimaveränderungen – Umkippen zu einer neuen Kaltzeit? In
LOZAN, J. L., Graßl, H., and Hupfer, P. (eds.), Das Klima des
21. Hamburg: Jahrhunderts, pp. 190–196.
Van Andel, T. H., Heath, G. R., and Moore, T. C., 1975. Cenozoic
History and Paleoceanography of the Central Equatorial
Pacific Ocean. Boulder: Geological Society of America, Geological Society of America memoirs, Vol. 143, 134 pp., 68 figs.
Van Andel, T. H., Thiede, J., Sclater, J. G., and Hay, W. W., 1977.
Depositional history of the South Atlantic Ocean during the last
125 million years. Journal of Geology, 85(6), 651–698.
Van der Meer, D. G., et al., 2014. Plate tectonic controls on atmospheric CO 2 levels since the Triassic. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,
111, 4380–4385.
Wegener, A., 1915/1929/2005. Die Entstehung der Kontinente und
Ozeane. Reprint of the 1st ed. with handwritten comments of
him and of the 4th completely revised ed., Berlin: Borntraeger,
481 pp.
Wüst, G., 1936. Schichtung und Zirkulation des Atlantischen
Ozeans.-Wiss. Ergebn. Dt. Atlant. Expedition VFS Meteor
1925–1927: 6(1), Berlin, 1–288.
Zachos, J. C., Lohmann, K. C., Walker, J. C. G., and Wise, S. W.,
1993. Abrupt climate change and transient climates in the
Paleogene: a marine perspective. Journal of Geology, 101,
193–215.
Cross-references
Anoxic Oceans
Astronomical Frequencies in Paleoclimates
Carbon Isotopes
Geologic Time Scale
Marine Microfossils
Modelling Past Oceans
Oxygen Isotopes
Paleoceanographic Proxies
Paleophysiography of Ocean Basins
Paleoproductivity
Plate Tectonics
Regional Marine Geology
Sequence Stratigraphy
PALEOMAGNETISM AND JURASSIC
PALEOGEOGRAPHY
María Paula Iglesia Llanos
IGEBA, National Scientific and Research Council,
University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Introduction
From the Late Carboniferous until the Middle Jurassic,
continents were assembled in a quasi-rigid supercontinent
called Pangaea, which occupied most of a hemisphere,
while the rest of the Earth’s was part of a large ocean
called Panthalassa. For decades, authors interpreted that
South America remained stationary in similar presentday latitudes during most of the Mesozoic and the end of
the
Paleozoic,
because
paleomagnetic
poles
(PP) clustered close to the geographical pole (e.g.,
Valencio et al., 1983; Oviedo and Vilas, 1984; Beck,
1999). More recent data obtained in Patagonia, Argentina,
show that Early Jurassic PP actually fall far away from the
geographic pole (Iglesia Llanos et al., 2006).
Using these and other selected poles from South America, a substantially different and more refined Jurassic
apparent polar wander (APW) path was constructed
(Iglesia Llanos et al., 2006; Iglesia Llanos and Prezzi,
2013). APW paths depict the past positions of the Earth’s
spin axis (¼ averaged paleomagnetic pole) with respect to
a certain lithospheric plate, hence the name “apparent”
(Creer et al., 1954). The path is constructed as a sequence
of paleomagnetic poles tracking away from the geographic pole with increasing age. Tracks represent rotations about Euler poles, whereas cusps symbolize times
of reorganization of the lithospheric plate boundaries and
resulting driving forces (Cox and Hart, 1986).
In this study, Jurassic APW paths of Eurasia, North
America, and Africa were built and compared to those
obtained in South America. PP were selected mostly from
the Global Paleomagnetic Database v.4.6 2005 (http://
www.tsrc.uwa.edu.au/data_bases) and from other recent
studies. Such PP are considered to be representative of stable cratons (Torsvik et al., 2008; Kent and Irving, 2010).
APW paths from Eurasia, North America, and Africa
were rotated to South American present-day coordinates,
using classical paleoreconstructions available in the literature for Jurassic Pangaea. Among all kinematic models,
those which provided the best clustering of paleopoles
were taken into account for this study. Thus, Africa was
rotated to South American coordinates using the
paleoreconstructions proposed by Lawver and Scotese
(1987). Eurasia was translated first to North America
using the paleoreconstruction of Frei and Cox (1987), then
to Africa, and subsequently to South America using
Lawver and Scotese (1987). North America, on the other
hand, was first moved to Africa with the paleoreconstruction of Klitgord and Schouten (1986) and then to
South America using the parameters of Lawver and
Scotese (1987). The resultant paths proved to be almost
632
PALEOMAGNETISM AND JURASSIC PALEOGEOGRAPHY
Shackleton, N. J., 1987. Oxygen isotopes, ice volume and sea-level.
Quaternary Science Reviews, 6, 183–190.
Stärz, M., Gong, X., Stein, R., Darby, D. A., Kauker, F., and
Lohmann, G., 2012. Glacial shortcut of Arctic sea-ice transport.
Earth Plant Science Letters, 357–358, 257–267.
Stickley, C. E., St. John, K., and Koç, N., 2009. Evidence for
middle Eocene Arctic sea ice from diatoms and ice-rafted
debris. Nature, 460, 376–379, doi:10.1038/nature 08163, 16 July
2009.
Svensson, A., Bicaye, P., and Grousset, F. E., 2000. Characterization of late glacial continental dust in the Greenland Ice Core
Project ice core. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105(D4),
4637–4656.
Thiede, J., 1979. Wind regimes over the late Quaternary Southwest
Pacific Ocean. Geology, 7, 259–262.
Thiede, J., Jessen, C., and Kuijpers, A., 2011. Millions of years of
Greenland Ice Sheet history recorded in ocean sediments.
Polarforschung, 80(3), 141–159.
Thiede, J., Suess, E., and Müller, P., 1982. Late Quaternary fluxes of
major sediment components to the seafloor along the northwest
African continental slope. In von Rad, U., et al. (eds.), Geology
of the Northwest African Continental Margin. Heidelberg:
Springer, pp. 605–631.
Thiede, J., and Tiedemann, R., 1998. Die Alternative: NatürlicheKlimaveränderungen – Umkippen zu einer neuen Kaltzeit? In
LOZAN, J. L., Graßl, H., and Hupfer, P. (eds.), Das Klima des
21. Hamburg: Jahrhunderts, pp. 190–196.
Van Andel, T. H., Heath, G. R., and Moore, T. C., 1975. Cenozoic
History and Paleoceanography of the Central Equatorial
Pacific Ocean. Boulder: Geological Society of America, Geological Society of America memoirs, Vol. 143, 134 pp., 68 figs.
Van Andel, T. H., Thiede, J., Sclater, J. G., and Hay, W. W., 1977.
Depositional history of the South Atlantic Ocean during the last
125 million years. Journal of Geology, 85(6), 651–698.
Van der Meer, D. G., et al., 2014. Plate tectonic controls on atmospheric CO 2 levels since the Triassic. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,
111, 4380–4385.
Wegener, A., 1915/1929/2005. Die Entstehung der Kontinente und
Ozeane. Reprint of the 1st ed. with handwritten comments of
him and of the 4th completely revised ed., Berlin: Borntraeger,
481 pp.
Wüst, G., 1936. Schichtung und Zirkulation des Atlantischen
Ozeans.-Wiss. Ergebn. Dt. Atlant. Expedition VFS Meteor
1925–1927: 6(1), Berlin, 1–288.
Zachos, J. C., Lohmann, K. C., Walker, J. C. G., and Wise, S. W.,
1993. Abrupt climate change and transient climates in the
Paleogene: a marine perspective. Journal of Geology, 101,
193–215.
Cross-references
Anoxic Oceans
Astronomical Frequencies in Paleoclimates
Carbon Isotopes
Geologic Time Scale
Marine Microfossils
Modelling Past Oceans
Oxygen Isotopes
Paleoceanographic Proxies
Paleophysiography of Ocean Basins
Paleoproductivity
Plate Tectonics
Regional Marine Geology
Sequence Stratigraphy
PALEOMAGNETISM AND JURASSIC
PALEOGEOGRAPHY
María Paula Iglesia Llanos
IGEBA, National Scientific and Research Council,
University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Introduction
From the Late Carboniferous until the Middle Jurassic,
continents were assembled in a quasi-rigid supercontinent
called Pangaea, which occupied most of a hemisphere,
while the rest of the Earth’s was part of a large ocean
called Panthalassa. For decades, authors interpreted that
South America remained stationary in similar presentday latitudes during most of the Mesozoic and the end of
the
Paleozoic,
because
paleomagnetic
poles
(PP) clustered close to the geographical pole (e.g.,
Valencio et al., 1983; Oviedo and Vilas, 1984; Beck,
1999). More recent data obtained in Patagonia, Argentina,
show that Early Jurassic PP actually fall far away from the
geographic pole (Iglesia Llanos et al., 2006).
Using these and other selected poles from South America, a substantially different and more refined Jurassic
apparent polar wander (APW) path was constructed
(Iglesia Llanos et al., 2006; Iglesia Llanos and Prezzi,
2013). APW paths depict the past positions of the Earth’s
spin axis (¼ averaged paleomagnetic pole) with respect to
a certain lithospheric plate, hence the name “apparent”
(Creer et al., 1954). The path is constructed as a sequence
of paleomagnetic poles tracking away from the geographic pole with increasing age. Tracks represent rotations about Euler poles, whereas cusps symbolize times
of reorganization of the lithospheric plate boundaries and
resulting driving forces (Cox and Hart, 1986).
In this study, Jurassic APW paths of Eurasia, North
America, and Africa were built and compared to those
obtained in South America. PP were selected mostly from
the Global Paleomagnetic Database v.4.6 2005 (http://
www.tsrc.uwa.edu.au/data_bases) and from other recent
studies. Such PP are considered to be representative of stable cratons (Torsvik et al., 2008; Kent and Irving, 2010).
APW paths from Eurasia, North America, and Africa
were rotated to South American present-day coordinates,
using classical paleoreconstructions available in the literature for Jurassic Pangaea. Among all kinematic models,
those which provided the best clustering of paleopoles
were taken into account for this study. Thus, Africa was
rotated to South American coordinates using the
paleoreconstructions proposed by Lawver and Scotese
(1987). Eurasia was translated first to North America
using the paleoreconstruction of Frei and Cox (1987), then
to Africa, and subsequently to South America using
Lawver and Scotese (1987). North America, on the other
hand, was first moved to Africa with the paleoreconstruction of Klitgord and Schouten (1986) and then to
South America using the parameters of Lawver and
Scotese (1987). The resultant paths proved to be almost
632
PALEOMAGNETISM AND JURASSIC PALEOGEOGRAPHY