Milankovitch frequencies have been documented also in
numerous other historic records, such as those derived
from ice cores in Antarctica and long lake sediment cores.
Milankovitch frequencies can be extrapolated into the
future, which raised the possibility of the predictability
of future climate change (Thiede and Tiedemann, 1998).
The paper of Berger (2012) represents a modern perspective of the Milankovitch frequencies (cf. also Berger, this
volume).
Climate Modeling: Paleoceanograhic studies provide
indispensable data for paleoceanographic and paleoclimatological modeling (cf. Sündermann, this volume), both as
boundary conditions to run the models as well as for their
validation. The first true global data set which could be
used as input parameters for modeling glacial climates
(Herterich et al., 1999) has been produced by CLIMAP
(Climate: Long-range Investigation and Prediction), a
large paleoclimatic research project in the USA
(CLIMAP Project Members, 1976). Since that time available models (GCMs) developed by various institutions
(NCAR, Boulder/US; MPI Meterology in Hamburg;
Hadley Center – Met Office/UK, to name a few) have all
delivered their own modeling approaches aiming to model
various compartments of the global environment (e.g.,
like the ECHAM model series in Hamburg). For a more
detailed discussion see Paleoclimte Modelling
Intercomparison Project (http://pmip.lsce.ipsl.fr/). Many
of these efforts of generating past oceanographic and climatic scenarios are trying to understand through the
reconstruction of the past, how the future oceans might
behave, e.g., with a seasonally ice-free Arctic Ocean
which would affect the entire northern hemisphere.
Summary
Paleoceanography is fed by data sets from the only truly
global climate archive, namely ocean sediments. It has
developed from modest beginnings during the early
1960s (prior to the onset of deep-sea drilling) to a highly
sophisticated discipline of the marine geosciences. And
it provides quantitative reconstructions of former global
climates as boundary conditions for modeling climates
with no modern analogue.
Bibliography
Berger, A., 2012. A brief history of the astronomical theories of
paleoclimates. In Berger, A., et al. (eds.), Climate Change.
Vienna: Springer, pp. 107–129, doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-09731_8.
Broecker, W. S., 1991. The great ocean conveyor. Oceanography, 4,
79–89.
CLIMAP Project Members, 1976. The Surface of the Ice-Age Earth.
Science, 191(4232), 1131–1137.
Cline, R. M., and Hays, J. D. (eds.), 1976. Investigations of Late
Quaternary Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology. Boulder,
CO: Geological Society of America. Geological Society of
America memoirs, 145, 464 pp.
Correns, C. W., and W. Schott, 1935/1937. Die Sediments des
Äquatorialen Atlantischen Ozeans. 1. Lfg.: A. Die Verfahren
der Gewinnung und Untersuchung der Sediemtns (Correns).
B. Die Foraminiferen in dem äquatorialen Teil des Atlantischen
Ozeans (Schott).- 2. Lfg.: C. Zusammenstellung der
Untersuchungsergebnisse nach Stationen geordnet. D. Die
Auswertung der Ergebnisse.-Wiss. Ergebn. der dt. Atlantischen
Expedition auf dem Forschungs- und Vermessungsschiff
“Meteor”,Wiss. Ergebn., Vol. 3.3., Berlin: de Gruyter, 298 p.
Ehrmann, W., and Thiede, J., 1985. History of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediment fluxes to the North Atlantic Ocean. Contributions
to Sedimentology, 15, 109 pp.
Emiliani, C., 1955. Pleistocene temperatures. Journal of Geology,
63, 538–578.
Emiliani, C., 1992. Planet Earth: Cosmology, Geology, and the
Evolution of Life and the Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 0-521-40949-7.
Fischer, G., and Wefer, G. (eds.), 1999. Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography. Examples from the South Atlantic. Heidelberg:
Springer, 735 pp, figs, tables.
Fütterer, D., and Shipboard Scientific Party, 1992. Arctic ’91: the
expedition ARK-VIII/3 of RV POLARSTERN in 1991. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Report of Polar Research, Vol.
107, 267 pp.
Gornitz, V., 2009. Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient
Environments. Springer Heidelberg.
Hale, W., and Pflaumann, U., 1999. Sea-surface temperature estimations using the modern analog technique with Foraminiferal
assemblages from Western Atlantic Quaternary sediments. In
Fischer, G., and Wefer, G. (eds.), Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography. Examples from the South Atlantic. Heidelberg:
Springer, pp. 69–90, 10 figs.
Haug, G. H., and Tiedemann, R., 1997. Effect of the formation of
the Isthmus of Panama on Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation. Nature, 393, 673–676, doi:10.1038/31447. 18 June 1998.
Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J., and Shackleton, N. J., 1976. Variations in the
Earth’s orbit: pacemaker of the Ice Ages. Science, 194(4270),
1121–1132.
Herterich, K., et al., 1999. Reconstructing and modelling the last
glacial maximum beyond CLIMA. In Fischer, G., and Wefer,
G. (eds.), Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography. Examples from
the South Atlantic. Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 687–714, 15 figs.
Imbrie, J., and Kipp, N., 1971. A new micropaleontological method
for quantitative paleoclimatology. In Turekian, K. K. (ed.), The
Late Cenozoic glacial ages. New Haven: Yale University Press,
pp. 71–181, figs.
Kennett, J., 1982. Marine Geology. Englewood Cliffs: PrenticeHall, 813 pp, figs, tables.
Köppen, W., and Wegener, A., 1924. Die Klimate der geologischen
Vorzeit. Berlin: Publ. Gebr. Borntraeger, 255 pp., figs, 1 plate
(republished by Borntraeger Science Publ. 2015 together with
a translation into English).
McCave, I. N., Manighetti, B., and Beveridge, N. A. S., 1995. Circulation in the glacial North Atlantic inferred from grain-size
measurements. Nature, 374, 149–152.
Milankovitch, M., 1941. Kanon der Erdbestrahlung und seine
Anwendung auf das Eiszeitenproblem. Belgrad: Royal Serbian
Sciences, Special publication 132, Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Vol. 33, 633 pp.
Moran, K., Backman, J., and ASEX Scientific Party, 2006. The
Cenozoic palaeoenvironment of the Arctic Ocean. Nature, 441,
601–605, doi:10.1038/nature04800.
Pflaumann, U., Sarnthein, M., and Chapman, M. R., 2003. Glacial
North Atlantic: sea-surface conditions reconstructed by
GLAMAP 2000. Paleoceanography, 18(3), 1065, doi:10.1029/
2002PA000774.
Sarnthein, M., and Koopmann, B., 1980. Late Quaternary deep-sea
record in Northwest African dust supply and wind circulation.
Paleoecology of Africa and Surrounding Islands, 9, 239–253,
Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema.
PALEOCEANOGRAPHY
631
numerous other historic records, such as those derived
from ice cores in Antarctica and long lake sediment cores.
Milankovitch frequencies can be extrapolated into the
future, which raised the possibility of the predictability
of future climate change (Thiede and Tiedemann, 1998).
The paper of Berger (2012) represents a modern perspective of the Milankovitch frequencies (cf. also Berger, this
volume).
Climate Modeling: Paleoceanograhic studies provide
indispensable data for paleoceanographic and paleoclimatological modeling (cf. Sündermann, this volume), both as
boundary conditions to run the models as well as for their
validation. The first true global data set which could be
used as input parameters for modeling glacial climates
(Herterich et al., 1999) has been produced by CLIMAP
(Climate: Long-range Investigation and Prediction), a
large paleoclimatic research project in the USA
(CLIMAP Project Members, 1976). Since that time available models (GCMs) developed by various institutions
(NCAR, Boulder/US; MPI Meterology in Hamburg;
Hadley Center – Met Office/UK, to name a few) have all
delivered their own modeling approaches aiming to model
various compartments of the global environment (e.g.,
like the ECHAM model series in Hamburg). For a more
detailed discussion see Paleoclimte Modelling
Intercomparison Project (http://pmip.lsce.ipsl.fr/). Many
of these efforts of generating past oceanographic and climatic scenarios are trying to understand through the
reconstruction of the past, how the future oceans might
behave, e.g., with a seasonally ice-free Arctic Ocean
which would affect the entire northern hemisphere.
Summary
Paleoceanography is fed by data sets from the only truly
global climate archive, namely ocean sediments. It has
developed from modest beginnings during the early
1960s (prior to the onset of deep-sea drilling) to a highly
sophisticated discipline of the marine geosciences. And
it provides quantitative reconstructions of former global
climates as boundary conditions for modeling climates
with no modern analogue.
Bibliography
Berger, A., 2012. A brief history of the astronomical theories of
paleoclimates. In Berger, A., et al. (eds.), Climate Change.
Vienna: Springer, pp. 107–129, doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-09731_8.
Broecker, W. S., 1991. The great ocean conveyor. Oceanography, 4,
79–89.
CLIMAP Project Members, 1976. The Surface of the Ice-Age Earth.
Science, 191(4232), 1131–1137.
Cline, R. M., and Hays, J. D. (eds.), 1976. Investigations of Late
Quaternary Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology. Boulder,
CO: Geological Society of America. Geological Society of
America memoirs, 145, 464 pp.
Correns, C. W., and W. Schott, 1935/1937. Die Sediments des
Äquatorialen Atlantischen Ozeans. 1. Lfg.: A. Die Verfahren
der Gewinnung und Untersuchung der Sediemtns (Correns).
B. Die Foraminiferen in dem äquatorialen Teil des Atlantischen
Ozeans (Schott).- 2. Lfg.: C. Zusammenstellung der
Untersuchungsergebnisse nach Stationen geordnet. D. Die
Auswertung der Ergebnisse.-Wiss. Ergebn. der dt. Atlantischen
Expedition auf dem Forschungs- und Vermessungsschiff
“Meteor”,Wiss. Ergebn., Vol. 3.3., Berlin: de Gruyter, 298 p.
Ehrmann, W., and Thiede, J., 1985. History of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediment fluxes to the North Atlantic Ocean. Contributions
to Sedimentology, 15, 109 pp.
Emiliani, C., 1955. Pleistocene temperatures. Journal of Geology,
63, 538–578.
Emiliani, C., 1992. Planet Earth: Cosmology, Geology, and the
Evolution of Life and the Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 0-521-40949-7.
Fischer, G., and Wefer, G. (eds.), 1999. Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography. Examples from the South Atlantic. Heidelberg:
Springer, 735 pp, figs, tables.
Fütterer, D., and Shipboard Scientific Party, 1992. Arctic ’91: the
expedition ARK-VIII/3 of RV POLARSTERN in 1991. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Report of Polar Research, Vol.
107, 267 pp.
Gornitz, V., 2009. Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient
Environments. Springer Heidelberg.
Hale, W., and Pflaumann, U., 1999. Sea-surface temperature estimations using the modern analog technique with Foraminiferal
assemblages from Western Atlantic Quaternary sediments. In
Fischer, G., and Wefer, G. (eds.), Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography. Examples from the South Atlantic. Heidelberg:
Springer, pp. 69–90, 10 figs.
Haug, G. H., and Tiedemann, R., 1997. Effect of the formation of
the Isthmus of Panama on Atlantic Ocean thermohaline circulation. Nature, 393, 673–676, doi:10.1038/31447. 18 June 1998.
Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J., and Shackleton, N. J., 1976. Variations in the
Earth’s orbit: pacemaker of the Ice Ages. Science, 194(4270),
1121–1132.
Herterich, K., et al., 1999. Reconstructing and modelling the last
glacial maximum beyond CLIMA. In Fischer, G., and Wefer,
G. (eds.), Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography. Examples from
the South Atlantic. Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 687–714, 15 figs.
Imbrie, J., and Kipp, N., 1971. A new micropaleontological method
for quantitative paleoclimatology. In Turekian, K. K. (ed.), The
Late Cenozoic glacial ages. New Haven: Yale University Press,
pp. 71–181, figs.
Kennett, J., 1982. Marine Geology. Englewood Cliffs: PrenticeHall, 813 pp, figs, tables.
Köppen, W., and Wegener, A., 1924. Die Klimate der geologischen
Vorzeit. Berlin: Publ. Gebr. Borntraeger, 255 pp., figs, 1 plate
(republished by Borntraeger Science Publ. 2015 together with
a translation into English).
McCave, I. N., Manighetti, B., and Beveridge, N. A. S., 1995. Circulation in the glacial North Atlantic inferred from grain-size
measurements. Nature, 374, 149–152.
Milankovitch, M., 1941. Kanon der Erdbestrahlung und seine
Anwendung auf das Eiszeitenproblem. Belgrad: Royal Serbian
Sciences, Special publication 132, Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Vol. 33, 633 pp.
Moran, K., Backman, J., and ASEX Scientific Party, 2006. The
Cenozoic palaeoenvironment of the Arctic Ocean. Nature, 441,
601–605, doi:10.1038/nature04800.
Pflaumann, U., Sarnthein, M., and Chapman, M. R., 2003. Glacial
North Atlantic: sea-surface conditions reconstructed by
GLAMAP 2000. Paleoceanography, 18(3), 1065, doi:10.1029/
2002PA000774.
Sarnthein, M., and Koopmann, B., 1980. Late Quaternary deep-sea
record in Northwest African dust supply and wind circulation.
Paleoecology of Africa and Surrounding Islands, 9, 239–253,
Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema.
PALEOCEANOGRAPHY
631