the former less and more suited to study the processes that
lead to the oceanic accretion. Because ophiolites display
deep sections into lithosphere, they complement marine
data mainly obtained from the seafloor. When implied into
mountain belts, they are keys to reconstitute regional
paleogeography.
Acknowledgments
Scientifically, this paper owes much to Françoise Boudier
and, technically, to her help.
Bibliography
Anonymous, 1972. Penrose field conference on ophiolites.
Geotimes, 17(12), 24–25.
Bosch, D., Jamais, M., Boudier, F., Nicolas, A., Dautria, J. M., and
Agrinier, P., 2004. Deep and high-temperature hydrothermal circulation in the Oman ophiolite-petrological and isotopic evidence. Journal of Petrology, 45, 1181–1206.
Boudier, F., (2014). Structural Control on Chromite Deposits in
Ophiolite: The Oman Case. Geological Society London Special
Publication, Vol. 392, pp. 253–267.
Boudier, F., Ceulener, G., and Nicolas, A., 1988. Shear zones,
thrusts and related magmatism in the Oman ophiolite: initiation
of thrusting on an oceanic ridge. Tectonophysics, 151, 275–296.
Brongniard, A., 1813. Essai de classification des roches mélangées.
Journal des Mines Paris, 199, 177–238.
Brunn, I. H., 1959. Contribution à l’étude du Pinde septentrional et
d’une partie de la Macédoine occidentale. Annales Ge ´ologiques
des Pays Helle ´niques, 7, 1–358.
Casey, J. F., and Dewey, J. F., 1984. Initiation of Subduction Zones
Along Transform and Accreting Plate Boundaries, TripleJunction Evolution and Fore-Arc Spreading CentersImplications for Ophiolitic Geology and Obduction. London:
Geological Society, Special Publications, Vol. 13, pp. 269–290.
Coleman, R. G., 1971. Plate tectonic emplacement of upper mantle
peridotites along continental edges. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 76, 1212–1222.
Coleman, R. G., 1977. Ophiolites. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York:
Springer. pp. 229.
Coleman, R. G., 1984. The diversity of ophiolites. Geologie en
Mijnbouw, 63, 141–150.
De Roever, W. P., 1957. Sind die alpinotypen Peridotitmassen
vielleicht
tektonisch
verfrachtete
bruchstücke
der
Peridotitschale? Geologische Rundschau, 46, 137–146.
Dick, H., Lin, J., and Schouten, H., 2003. An ultraslow spreading
class of ocean ridge. Nature, 426, 405–412.
Dijkstra, A., Drury, M. R., and Vissers, R. L. M., 2001. Structural
petrology of plagioclase peridotites in the West Othris mountains
(Greece): melt impregnation in mantle lithosphere. Journal of
Petrology, 42, 5–24.
Ernewein, M., Pflumio, C., and Whitechurch, H., 1988. The death
of an accretion zone as evidenced by the magmatic history of
the Sumail ophiolite (Oman). Tectonophysics, 151, 247–274.
Ernst, W. G., 1981. Petrotectonic setting of glaucophane schist belts
and some implications for Taiwan. Geological Society of China
Memoirs, Vol. 4, pp. 229–267.
Finlayson, D. M., Drummond, B. J., Collins, C. D. M., and Connely,
J. B., 1977. Crustal structures in the region of Papuan ultramafic
belt. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 14, 13–20.
Glennie, K. W., Boeuf, M. G. A., Hugh Clark, M. W., MoodyStuart, M., Pilaar, W. F. H., and Reinhardt, B. M., 1974. Geology
of the Oman Mountains. Mijnbouwkundig Genootschap, Deel,
31, 1–423.
Ishiwatari, T., Fujisawa, S., Nagaishi, K., and Masuda, T., 2005.
Trace element characteristics of the fluid liberated from
amphibole-facies slab: inference from the metamorphic sole
beneath the Oman ophiolite and implication for boninite genesis.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 240, 355–377.
Ishiwatari, A., 1985. Alpine ophiolites: product of low-degree mantle melting in a Mesozoic transcurrent rift zone. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 76, 93–108.
Koepke, J., Schoenborn, S., Oelze, M., Wittmann, H., Feig, S. T.,
Hellebrand, E., Boudier, F., Schoenberg, R., et al., 2009. Petrogenesis of crustal wehrlites in the Oman ophiolite: experiments
and natural rocks. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 10,
1525–2027.
Le Roux, V., Bodinier, J. L., Tommasi, A., Alard, O., Dautria, J. M.,
Vauchez, A., and Riches, A. J. V., 2007. The Lherz spinel
lherzolite: refertilized rather than pristine mantle. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 259, 599–612.
Lippard, S. J., Shelton, A. W., and Gass, Y. G., 1986. The ophiolite
of northern Oman. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Geological Society of London, Memoir, Vol. 11. pp. 178.
Miyashiro, A., 1973. The Troodos ophiolite was probably formed in
an island arc. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 19, 249–281.
Moores, E. M., 1982. Origin and emplacement of ophiolites.
Reviews of Geophysics, 20, 735–760.
Nicolas, A., 1989. Structures of ophiolites and dynamics of oceanic
lithosphere. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 367.
Pearce, J. A., 1975. Basalt geochemistry used to investigate past tectonic environments. Tectonophysics, 25, 41–67.
Platt, J. P., 1986. Dynamics of orogenic wedges and the uplift of
high-pressure metamorphic rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 97, 1037–1053.
Rioux, M., Bowring, S., Kelemen, P., Gordon, S., Miller, R., and
Dudas, F., 2012. Tectonic development of the Samail ophiolite;
high precision U-Zircon geochronology and Sm-Nd isotopic
constraints on crustal growth and emplacement. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1–17. doi:10.1029/2012JB009273
Warren, C. J., Parrish, R. R., Waters, D. J., and Searle, M. M., 2005.
Dating the geologic history of Oman’s Semail ophiolite: insights
from U-Pb geochronology. Contributions to Mineralogy and
Petrology, 150, 403–422.
Cross-references
Crustal Accretion
Layering of Oceanic Crust
Mid-Ocean Ridge Magmatism and Volcanism
Mohorovičić Discontinuity (Moho)
Oceanic Spreading Centers
Peridotites
Plate Tectonics
ORGANIC MATTER
Evgeny Romankevich
1,2 and Alexander Vetrov
1
1
P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy
of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
2
National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University,
Thomsk, Russia
Definition
The organic matter is presented in the ocean as a basis of
living organisms and their decomposition products in the
596
ORGANIC MATTER
lead to the oceanic accretion. Because ophiolites display
deep sections into lithosphere, they complement marine
data mainly obtained from the seafloor. When implied into
mountain belts, they are keys to reconstitute regional
paleogeography.
Acknowledgments
Scientifically, this paper owes much to Françoise Boudier
and, technically, to her help.
Bibliography
Anonymous, 1972. Penrose field conference on ophiolites.
Geotimes, 17(12), 24–25.
Bosch, D., Jamais, M., Boudier, F., Nicolas, A., Dautria, J. M., and
Agrinier, P., 2004. Deep and high-temperature hydrothermal circulation in the Oman ophiolite-petrological and isotopic evidence. Journal of Petrology, 45, 1181–1206.
Boudier, F., (2014). Structural Control on Chromite Deposits in
Ophiolite: The Oman Case. Geological Society London Special
Publication, Vol. 392, pp. 253–267.
Boudier, F., Ceulener, G., and Nicolas, A., 1988. Shear zones,
thrusts and related magmatism in the Oman ophiolite: initiation
of thrusting on an oceanic ridge. Tectonophysics, 151, 275–296.
Brongniard, A., 1813. Essai de classification des roches mélangées.
Journal des Mines Paris, 199, 177–238.
Brunn, I. H., 1959. Contribution à l’étude du Pinde septentrional et
d’une partie de la Macédoine occidentale. Annales Ge ´ologiques
des Pays Helle ´niques, 7, 1–358.
Casey, J. F., and Dewey, J. F., 1984. Initiation of Subduction Zones
Along Transform and Accreting Plate Boundaries, TripleJunction Evolution and Fore-Arc Spreading CentersImplications for Ophiolitic Geology and Obduction. London:
Geological Society, Special Publications, Vol. 13, pp. 269–290.
Coleman, R. G., 1971. Plate tectonic emplacement of upper mantle
peridotites along continental edges. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 76, 1212–1222.
Coleman, R. G., 1977. Ophiolites. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York:
Springer. pp. 229.
Coleman, R. G., 1984. The diversity of ophiolites. Geologie en
Mijnbouw, 63, 141–150.
De Roever, W. P., 1957. Sind die alpinotypen Peridotitmassen
vielleicht
tektonisch
verfrachtete
bruchstücke
der
Peridotitschale? Geologische Rundschau, 46, 137–146.
Dick, H., Lin, J., and Schouten, H., 2003. An ultraslow spreading
class of ocean ridge. Nature, 426, 405–412.
Dijkstra, A., Drury, M. R., and Vissers, R. L. M., 2001. Structural
petrology of plagioclase peridotites in the West Othris mountains
(Greece): melt impregnation in mantle lithosphere. Journal of
Petrology, 42, 5–24.
Ernewein, M., Pflumio, C., and Whitechurch, H., 1988. The death
of an accretion zone as evidenced by the magmatic history of
the Sumail ophiolite (Oman). Tectonophysics, 151, 247–274.
Ernst, W. G., 1981. Petrotectonic setting of glaucophane schist belts
and some implications for Taiwan. Geological Society of China
Memoirs, Vol. 4, pp. 229–267.
Finlayson, D. M., Drummond, B. J., Collins, C. D. M., and Connely,
J. B., 1977. Crustal structures in the region of Papuan ultramafic
belt. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 14, 13–20.
Glennie, K. W., Boeuf, M. G. A., Hugh Clark, M. W., MoodyStuart, M., Pilaar, W. F. H., and Reinhardt, B. M., 1974. Geology
of the Oman Mountains. Mijnbouwkundig Genootschap, Deel,
31, 1–423.
Ishiwatari, T., Fujisawa, S., Nagaishi, K., and Masuda, T., 2005.
Trace element characteristics of the fluid liberated from
amphibole-facies slab: inference from the metamorphic sole
beneath the Oman ophiolite and implication for boninite genesis.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 240, 355–377.
Ishiwatari, A., 1985. Alpine ophiolites: product of low-degree mantle melting in a Mesozoic transcurrent rift zone. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 76, 93–108.
Koepke, J., Schoenborn, S., Oelze, M., Wittmann, H., Feig, S. T.,
Hellebrand, E., Boudier, F., Schoenberg, R., et al., 2009. Petrogenesis of crustal wehrlites in the Oman ophiolite: experiments
and natural rocks. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 10,
1525–2027.
Le Roux, V., Bodinier, J. L., Tommasi, A., Alard, O., Dautria, J. M.,
Vauchez, A., and Riches, A. J. V., 2007. The Lherz spinel
lherzolite: refertilized rather than pristine mantle. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 259, 599–612.
Lippard, S. J., Shelton, A. W., and Gass, Y. G., 1986. The ophiolite
of northern Oman. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Geological Society of London, Memoir, Vol. 11. pp. 178.
Miyashiro, A., 1973. The Troodos ophiolite was probably formed in
an island arc. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 19, 249–281.
Moores, E. M., 1982. Origin and emplacement of ophiolites.
Reviews of Geophysics, 20, 735–760.
Nicolas, A., 1989. Structures of ophiolites and dynamics of oceanic
lithosphere. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 367.
Pearce, J. A., 1975. Basalt geochemistry used to investigate past tectonic environments. Tectonophysics, 25, 41–67.
Platt, J. P., 1986. Dynamics of orogenic wedges and the uplift of
high-pressure metamorphic rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 97, 1037–1053.
Rioux, M., Bowring, S., Kelemen, P., Gordon, S., Miller, R., and
Dudas, F., 2012. Tectonic development of the Samail ophiolite;
high precision U-Zircon geochronology and Sm-Nd isotopic
constraints on crustal growth and emplacement. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1–17. doi:10.1029/2012JB009273
Warren, C. J., Parrish, R. R., Waters, D. J., and Searle, M. M., 2005.
Dating the geologic history of Oman’s Semail ophiolite: insights
from U-Pb geochronology. Contributions to Mineralogy and
Petrology, 150, 403–422.
Cross-references
Crustal Accretion
Layering of Oceanic Crust
Mid-Ocean Ridge Magmatism and Volcanism
Mohorovičić Discontinuity (Moho)
Oceanic Spreading Centers
Peridotites
Plate Tectonics
ORGANIC MATTER
Evgeny Romankevich
1,2 and Alexander Vetrov
1
1
P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy
of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
2
National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University,
Thomsk, Russia
Definition
The organic matter is presented in the ocean as a basis of
living organisms and their decomposition products in the
596
ORGANIC MATTER