Ocean Drilling Program Management International, Washington, DC, Vol. 301, doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.301.103.2005.
Huey, D. P., 2009. Final report on IODP drilling and coring technology -past and present. IODP Management International, 183 p.
Kato, Y., Fujinaga, K., Nakamura, K., Takaya, Y., Kitamura, K.,
Ohta, J., Toda, R., Nakashima, T., and Iwamori, H., 2011.
Deep-sea mud in the Pacific Ocean as a potential resource for
rare-earth elements. Nature Geoscience, 4, 535, doi:10.1038/
NGEO1185.
Kawakatsu, H., Kumar, P., Takei, Y., Shinohara, M., Kanazawa, T.,
Araki, E., and Suyehiro, K., 2009. Seismic evidence for sharp
lithosphere-asthenosphere boundaries of oceanic plates. Science,
324, 499–502.
Mason, O., Nakagawa, T., Rosner, M., Van Nostrand, J., Zhou, J.,
Maruyama, A., Fisk, M., and Giovannoni, S., 2010. First investigation of the microbiology of the deepest layer of ocean crust.
PloS One, 5(11), e15399, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015399.
Moran, K., Backman, J., et al., 2006. The Cenozoic palaeoenvironment of the Arctic Ocean. Nature, 441, 601–605,
doi:10.1038/nature04800.
National Research Council, 2011. Scientific Ocean Drilling:
Accomplishments and Challenges. Washington, DC: The
National Academies Press.
Pälike, H., Lyle, M. W., Nishi, H., et al., 2012. A Cenozoic record of
the equatorial Pacific carbonate compensation depth. Nature,
488, 609–614, doi:10.1038/nature11360.
Parkes, R. J., Cragg, B. A., Bale, S. J., Getliff, J. M., Goodman, K.,
Rochelle, P. A., Fry, J. C., Weightman, A. J., and Harvey, S. M.,
1994. Deep bacterial biosphere in Pacific Ocean sediments.
Nature, 371, 410–4413, doi:10.1038/371410a0.
Polyak, L., Alley, R. B., Andrews, J. T., et al., 2010. History of sea
ice in the Arctic. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29, 1757,
doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.010.
Pross, J., Contreras, L., Bijl, P. K., et al., 2012. Persistent neartropical warmth on the Antarctic continent during the early
Eocene epoch. Nature, 488, 73–77, doi:10.1038/nature11300.
Roussel, E. G., Bonavita, M. A. C., Querellou, J., Cragg, B. A.,
Webster, G., Prieur, D., and Parkes, R. J., 2008. Extending the
sub-sea-floor biosphere. Science, 320, 1046, doi:10.1126/
science.1154545.
Sakaguchi, A., Chester, F., Curewitz, D., Fabbri, O., Goldsby, D.,
Gaku Kimura, G., Li, C.-F., Masaki, Y., Screaton, E. J.,
Tsutsumi, A., Ujiie, K., and Yamaguchi, A., 2011. Seismic slip
propagation to the up-dip end of plate boundary subduction
interface faults: vitrinite reflectance geothermometry on Integrated Ocean Drilling Program NanTroSEIZE cores. Geology,
39, 395–398, doi:10.1130/G31642.1.
Screaton, E., Kimura, G., Curewitz, D., Moore, G., Chester, F.,
Fabbri, O., et al., 2009. Interactions between deformation and
fluids in the frontal thrust region of the NanTroSEIZE transect
offshore the Kii Peninsula, Japan: results from IODP Expedition
316 Sites C0006 and C0007. Geochemistry, Geophysics,
Geosystems, 10, Q0AD01, doi:10.1029/2009GC002713.
Shinohara, M., Fukano, T., Kanazawa, T., Araki, E., Suyehiro, K.,
Mochizuki, M., Nakahigashi, K., Yamada, T., and Mochizuki,
K., 2008. Upper mantle and crustal seismic structure beneath
the Northwestern Pacific Basin using a seafloor borehole broadband seismometer and ocean bottom seismometers. Physics of
the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 170, 95–106.
Stephen, R. A., Spiess, F. N., Collins, J. A., Hildebrand, J. A.,
Orcutt, J. A., Peal, K. R., Vernon, F. L., and Wooding, F. B.,
2003. Ocean seismic network pilot experiment. Geochemistry,
Geophysics, Geosystems, 4, 1092, doi:10.1029/2002GC000485.
Suyehiro, K., Montagner, J.-P., Stephen, R. A., Araki, E., Kanazawa, T., Orcutt, J., Romanowicz, B., Sacks, S., and Shinohara,
M., 2006. Ocean seismic observatories. Oceanography, 19,
144–149.
Swift, S., Reichow, M., Tikku, A., Tominaga, M., and Gilbert, L.,
2009. Velocity structure of upper ocean crust at Ocean Drilling
Program Site 1256. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 9,
Q10O13, doi:10.1029/2008GC002188.
Tarduno, J., Bunge, H.-P., Sleep, N., and Hansen, U., 2009. The
bent Hawaiian-Emperor hotspot track: inheriting the mantle
wind. Science, 324, 50–53.
The Oceanography Society, 2006. The Impact of the Ocean Drilling
program. In Kappel, E., Burger, R., and Fujioka, K. (eds.),
Oceanography, Rockville, 19(4): 20–177.
Wilson, D. S., Teagle, D. A. H., Alt, J. A., et al., 2006. Drilling gabbro in intact ocean crust. Science, 312, 1016–1020.
Winterer, E. L., 2000. Scientific ocean drilling, from AMSOC to
COMPOST. In 50 Years of Ocean Discovery. Washington, DC:
Ocean Studies Board, National Research Council, pp. 117–127.
Cross-references
Deep Biosphere
Deep-sea Sediments
Geologic Time Scale
Marine Geosciences: A Short, Ecclectic and Weighted Historic
Account
Paleoceanography
Plate Tectonics
Regional Marine Geology
Technology in Marine Geosciences
OCEAN MARGIN SYSTEMS
Gerold Wefer
MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences,
University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Definition
Transitional zones between the oceans and continents,
representing dynamic systems in which numerous processes shape the environment.
Introduction
Ocean margins are the transitional zones between the
oceans and continents where most of the sediments
derived from the land are deposited. The effective processes here are influenced by a variety of steering mechanisms, from mountain building and climate on the land to
tectonics and sea-level fluctuations at the margins of the
seas. These areas are also of great importance for the
global biogeochemical cycles. Although these areas make
up only about 20 % of the ocean’s surface, 50 % of the
global marine production takes place here. Compared to
the open ocean, the ocean margins represent more
dynamic systems (see Wefer et al., 2002).
The region of the ocean margins extends from the
coastal zone across the shelf and the continental slope to
the continental rise (Figure 1). About 60 % of all people
live in the adjacent coastal land areas, and they have intensively used the coastal waters for the extraction of raw
materials and food over a long period. In recent times,
552
OCEAN MARGIN SYSTEMS
Huey, D. P., 2009. Final report on IODP drilling and coring technology -past and present. IODP Management International, 183 p.
Kato, Y., Fujinaga, K., Nakamura, K., Takaya, Y., Kitamura, K.,
Ohta, J., Toda, R., Nakashima, T., and Iwamori, H., 2011.
Deep-sea mud in the Pacific Ocean as a potential resource for
rare-earth elements. Nature Geoscience, 4, 535, doi:10.1038/
NGEO1185.
Kawakatsu, H., Kumar, P., Takei, Y., Shinohara, M., Kanazawa, T.,
Araki, E., and Suyehiro, K., 2009. Seismic evidence for sharp
lithosphere-asthenosphere boundaries of oceanic plates. Science,
324, 499–502.
Mason, O., Nakagawa, T., Rosner, M., Van Nostrand, J., Zhou, J.,
Maruyama, A., Fisk, M., and Giovannoni, S., 2010. First investigation of the microbiology of the deepest layer of ocean crust.
PloS One, 5(11), e15399, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015399.
Moran, K., Backman, J., et al., 2006. The Cenozoic palaeoenvironment of the Arctic Ocean. Nature, 441, 601–605,
doi:10.1038/nature04800.
National Research Council, 2011. Scientific Ocean Drilling:
Accomplishments and Challenges. Washington, DC: The
National Academies Press.
Pälike, H., Lyle, M. W., Nishi, H., et al., 2012. A Cenozoic record of
the equatorial Pacific carbonate compensation depth. Nature,
488, 609–614, doi:10.1038/nature11360.
Parkes, R. J., Cragg, B. A., Bale, S. J., Getliff, J. M., Goodman, K.,
Rochelle, P. A., Fry, J. C., Weightman, A. J., and Harvey, S. M.,
1994. Deep bacterial biosphere in Pacific Ocean sediments.
Nature, 371, 410–4413, doi:10.1038/371410a0.
Polyak, L., Alley, R. B., Andrews, J. T., et al., 2010. History of sea
ice in the Arctic. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29, 1757,
doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.010.
Pross, J., Contreras, L., Bijl, P. K., et al., 2012. Persistent neartropical warmth on the Antarctic continent during the early
Eocene epoch. Nature, 488, 73–77, doi:10.1038/nature11300.
Roussel, E. G., Bonavita, M. A. C., Querellou, J., Cragg, B. A.,
Webster, G., Prieur, D., and Parkes, R. J., 2008. Extending the
sub-sea-floor biosphere. Science, 320, 1046, doi:10.1126/
science.1154545.
Sakaguchi, A., Chester, F., Curewitz, D., Fabbri, O., Goldsby, D.,
Gaku Kimura, G., Li, C.-F., Masaki, Y., Screaton, E. J.,
Tsutsumi, A., Ujiie, K., and Yamaguchi, A., 2011. Seismic slip
propagation to the up-dip end of plate boundary subduction
interface faults: vitrinite reflectance geothermometry on Integrated Ocean Drilling Program NanTroSEIZE cores. Geology,
39, 395–398, doi:10.1130/G31642.1.
Screaton, E., Kimura, G., Curewitz, D., Moore, G., Chester, F.,
Fabbri, O., et al., 2009. Interactions between deformation and
fluids in the frontal thrust region of the NanTroSEIZE transect
offshore the Kii Peninsula, Japan: results from IODP Expedition
316 Sites C0006 and C0007. Geochemistry, Geophysics,
Geosystems, 10, Q0AD01, doi:10.1029/2009GC002713.
Shinohara, M., Fukano, T., Kanazawa, T., Araki, E., Suyehiro, K.,
Mochizuki, M., Nakahigashi, K., Yamada, T., and Mochizuki,
K., 2008. Upper mantle and crustal seismic structure beneath
the Northwestern Pacific Basin using a seafloor borehole broadband seismometer and ocean bottom seismometers. Physics of
the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 170, 95–106.
Stephen, R. A., Spiess, F. N., Collins, J. A., Hildebrand, J. A.,
Orcutt, J. A., Peal, K. R., Vernon, F. L., and Wooding, F. B.,
2003. Ocean seismic network pilot experiment. Geochemistry,
Geophysics, Geosystems, 4, 1092, doi:10.1029/2002GC000485.
Suyehiro, K., Montagner, J.-P., Stephen, R. A., Araki, E., Kanazawa, T., Orcutt, J., Romanowicz, B., Sacks, S., and Shinohara,
M., 2006. Ocean seismic observatories. Oceanography, 19,
144–149.
Swift, S., Reichow, M., Tikku, A., Tominaga, M., and Gilbert, L.,
2009. Velocity structure of upper ocean crust at Ocean Drilling
Program Site 1256. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 9,
Q10O13, doi:10.1029/2008GC002188.
Tarduno, J., Bunge, H.-P., Sleep, N., and Hansen, U., 2009. The
bent Hawaiian-Emperor hotspot track: inheriting the mantle
wind. Science, 324, 50–53.
The Oceanography Society, 2006. The Impact of the Ocean Drilling
program. In Kappel, E., Burger, R., and Fujioka, K. (eds.),
Oceanography, Rockville, 19(4): 20–177.
Wilson, D. S., Teagle, D. A. H., Alt, J. A., et al., 2006. Drilling gabbro in intact ocean crust. Science, 312, 1016–1020.
Winterer, E. L., 2000. Scientific ocean drilling, from AMSOC to
COMPOST. In 50 Years of Ocean Discovery. Washington, DC:
Ocean Studies Board, National Research Council, pp. 117–127.
Cross-references
Deep Biosphere
Deep-sea Sediments
Geologic Time Scale
Marine Geosciences: A Short, Ecclectic and Weighted Historic
Account
Paleoceanography
Plate Tectonics
Regional Marine Geology
Technology in Marine Geosciences
OCEAN MARGIN SYSTEMS
Gerold Wefer
MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences,
University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Definition
Transitional zones between the oceans and continents,
representing dynamic systems in which numerous processes shape the environment.
Introduction
Ocean margins are the transitional zones between the
oceans and continents where most of the sediments
derived from the land are deposited. The effective processes here are influenced by a variety of steering mechanisms, from mountain building and climate on the land to
tectonics and sea-level fluctuations at the margins of the
seas. These areas are also of great importance for the
global biogeochemical cycles. Although these areas make
up only about 20 % of the ocean’s surface, 50 % of the
global marine production takes place here. Compared to
the open ocean, the ocean margins represent more
dynamic systems (see Wefer et al., 2002).
The region of the ocean margins extends from the
coastal zone across the shelf and the continental slope to
the continental rise (Figure 1). About 60 % of all people
live in the adjacent coastal land areas, and they have intensively used the coastal waters for the extraction of raw
materials and food over a long period. In recent times,
552
OCEAN MARGIN SYSTEMS