Bibliography
Arndt, S., Hetzel, A., and Brumsack, H. J., 2009. Evolution of
organic matter degradation in Cretaceous black shales inferred
from authigenic barite: a reaction-transport model. Geochimica
et Cosmochimica Acta, 73(7), 2000–2022.
Boetius, A., and Wenzhöfer, F., 2013. Seafloor oxygen consumption fuelled by methane from cold seeps. Nature Geoscience,
doi:10.1038/ngeo1926.
Boetius, A., Ravenschlag, K., Schubert, C., Rickert, D., Widdel, F.,
Gieseke, A., Amann, R., Jørgensen, B. B., Witte, U., and
Pfannkuche, O., 2000. A marine microbial consortium apparently mediating anaerobic oxidation of methane. Nature, 407,
623–626.
Bohrmann, G., and Torres, M. E., 2006. Gas hydrates in marine sediments. In Schulz, H. D., and Zabel, M. (eds.), Marine Geochemistry. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 481–512.
Briggs, B. R., Inagaki, F., Morono, Y., Futagami, T., Huguet, C.,
Rosell-Mele, A., Lorenson, T., and Colwell, F. S., 2012. Bacterial dominance in subseafloor sediments characterized by gas
hydrates. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 81, 88–98.
Claypool, G. E., and Kaplan, I. R., 1974. The origin and distribution
of methane in marine sediments. In Kaplan, I. R. (ed.), Natural
Gases in Marine Sediments. New York: Plenum Press,
pp. 99–139.
Colwell, F. S., Boyd, S., Delwiche, M. E., Reed, D. W., Phelps, T. J.,
and Newby, D. T., 2008. Estimates of biogenic methane production rates in deep marine sediments at Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia
Margin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74,
3444–3452.
Dickens, G. R., 2011. Down the Rabbit Hole: toward appropriate
discussion of methane release from gas hydrate systems during
the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum and other past
hyperthermal events. Climate of the Past, 7, 831–846.
Hoehler, T., Alperin, M. J., Albert, D. B., and Martens, C., 1994.
Field and laboratory studies of methane oxidation in an anoxic
marine sediment: evidence for a methanogen-sulfate reducer
consortium. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 8, 451–463.
Joye, S. B., 2012. A piece of the methane puzzle. Nature, 491,
538–539.
Kvenvolden, K. A., and Lorenson, T. D., 2001. The global occurrence of natural gas hydrate. Geophysical Monograph, 124,
87–98.
Milkov, A. V., 2004. Global estimates of hydrate-bound gas in
marine sediments: how much is really out there? Earth-Science
Reviews, 66, 183–197.
Milucka, J., Ferdelmann, T. G., Polerecky, L., Franzke, D., Wegener, G., Schmid, M., Lieberwirth, I., Wagner, M., Widdel, F.,
and Kuypers, M. M. M., 2012. Zero-valent sulphur is a key intermediate in marine methane oxidation. Nature, 491, 541–546.
Niemann, H., Lösekann, T., de Beer, D., Elvert, M., Nadalig, T.,
Knittel, K., Amann, R., Sauter, E. J., Schlüter, M., Klages, M.,
Foucher, J. P., and Boetius, A., 2006. Novel microbial communities of the Haakon Mosby mud volcano and their role as methane
sink. Nature, 443, 854–858.
Reeburgh, W. S., 2007. Oceanic methane biogeochemistry. Chemical Reviews, 107, 486–513.
Römer, M., Sahling, H., Pape, T., Spieß, V., and Bohrmann, G.,
2012. Quantification of gas bubble emissions from submarine
hydrocarbon seeps at the Makran continental margin (offshore
Pakistan). Journal of Geophysical Research, Oceans, 117,
C10015, doi:10.1029/2011JC007424.
Schoell, M., 1988. Multiple origins of methane in the Earth. Chemical Geology, 71(1–3), 1–10.
Sommer, S., Pfannkuche, O., Linke, P., Luff, R., Greinert, J., Drews,
M., Gubsch, S., Pieper, M., Poser, M., and Viergutz, T., 2006.
Efficiency of benthic filter: biological control of the emission
of dissolved methane from sediments containing shallow gas
hydrates at Hydrate Ridge. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20,
doi:10.1029/2004GB002389.
Suess, E., 1980. Particulate organic carbon flux in the oceans – surface productivity and oxygen utilization. Nature, 288, 260–263.
Takai, K., Nakamura, K., Toki, T., Tsunogai, U., Miyazaki, M.,
et al., 2008. Cell proliferation at 122 degrees C and isotopically
heavy CH4 production by a hyperthermophilic methanogen
under high-pressure cultivation. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105,
10949–10954.
Valentine, D. L., 2011. Emerging topics in marine methane biogeochemistry. Annual Review of Marine Science, 3, 147–171.
Valentine, D. L., Blanton, D. C., Reeburgh, W. S., and Kastner, M.,
2001. Water column methane oxidation adjacent to an area of
active hydrate dissociation, Eel River Basin. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 65, 2633–2640.
Wellsbury, P., Goodman, K., Cragg, B.A., and Parkes, R.J., 2000.
The geomicrobiology of deep marine sediments from Blake
Ridge containing methane hydrate (Sites 994, 995 and 997). In
Paull, C., Matsumoto, R., Wallace, P.J., and Dillon, W.P. (eds.),
Proceeding of ODP, Vol. 164, pp. 379–391.
Whiticar, M. J., 1999. Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of
bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161, 291–314.
Whiticar, M. J., Faber, E., and Schoell, M., 1986. Biogenic methane
formation in marine and freshwater environments. CO 2 reduction vs. Acetate fermentation – Isotope evidence. Geochimica
et Cosmochimica Acta, 50, 693–709.
Wilhelms, A., Larter, S. R., Head, I., Farrimond, P., di Primio, R.,
and Zwach, C., 2001. Biodegradation of oil in uplifted basins
prevented by deep-burial sterilization. Nature, 411, 1034–1037.
Zonneveld, K. A. F., Versteegh, G. J. M., Kasten, S., Eglinton, T. I.,
Emeis, K. C., Huguet, C., Koch, B. P., de Lange, G. J., de Leeuw,
J. W., Middelburg, J. J., Mollenhauer, G., Prahl, F.,
Rethemeyer, J., and Wakeham, S., 2010. Selective preservation
of organic matter in marine environments; processes and impact
on the fossil record. Biogeosciences, 7, 483–511.
Cross-references
Chemosynthetic Life
Cold Seeps
Deep Biosphere
Energy Resources
Marine Gas Hydrates
Mg/Ca PALEOTHERMOMETRY
Dirk Nürnberg
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel,
Germany
Definition
Mg/Ca paleothermometry: Geochemical proxy used in
paleoceanography to reconstruct past temperatures of the
ocean surface.
Reliable sea surface temperature (SST) estimates are
crucial to the reconstruction and modeling of past climate
change. Reconstructions of the thermal state of the ocean,
in turn, may help to assess the significance of
Mg/Ca PALEOTHERMOMETRY
499
Arndt, S., Hetzel, A., and Brumsack, H. J., 2009. Evolution of
organic matter degradation in Cretaceous black shales inferred
from authigenic barite: a reaction-transport model. Geochimica
et Cosmochimica Acta, 73(7), 2000–2022.
Boetius, A., and Wenzhöfer, F., 2013. Seafloor oxygen consumption fuelled by methane from cold seeps. Nature Geoscience,
doi:10.1038/ngeo1926.
Boetius, A., Ravenschlag, K., Schubert, C., Rickert, D., Widdel, F.,
Gieseke, A., Amann, R., Jørgensen, B. B., Witte, U., and
Pfannkuche, O., 2000. A marine microbial consortium apparently mediating anaerobic oxidation of methane. Nature, 407,
623–626.
Bohrmann, G., and Torres, M. E., 2006. Gas hydrates in marine sediments. In Schulz, H. D., and Zabel, M. (eds.), Marine Geochemistry. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 481–512.
Briggs, B. R., Inagaki, F., Morono, Y., Futagami, T., Huguet, C.,
Rosell-Mele, A., Lorenson, T., and Colwell, F. S., 2012. Bacterial dominance in subseafloor sediments characterized by gas
hydrates. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 81, 88–98.
Claypool, G. E., and Kaplan, I. R., 1974. The origin and distribution
of methane in marine sediments. In Kaplan, I. R. (ed.), Natural
Gases in Marine Sediments. New York: Plenum Press,
pp. 99–139.
Colwell, F. S., Boyd, S., Delwiche, M. E., Reed, D. W., Phelps, T. J.,
and Newby, D. T., 2008. Estimates of biogenic methane production rates in deep marine sediments at Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia
Margin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74,
3444–3452.
Dickens, G. R., 2011. Down the Rabbit Hole: toward appropriate
discussion of methane release from gas hydrate systems during
the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum and other past
hyperthermal events. Climate of the Past, 7, 831–846.
Hoehler, T., Alperin, M. J., Albert, D. B., and Martens, C., 1994.
Field and laboratory studies of methane oxidation in an anoxic
marine sediment: evidence for a methanogen-sulfate reducer
consortium. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 8, 451–463.
Joye, S. B., 2012. A piece of the methane puzzle. Nature, 491,
538–539.
Kvenvolden, K. A., and Lorenson, T. D., 2001. The global occurrence of natural gas hydrate. Geophysical Monograph, 124,
87–98.
Milkov, A. V., 2004. Global estimates of hydrate-bound gas in
marine sediments: how much is really out there? Earth-Science
Reviews, 66, 183–197.
Milucka, J., Ferdelmann, T. G., Polerecky, L., Franzke, D., Wegener, G., Schmid, M., Lieberwirth, I., Wagner, M., Widdel, F.,
and Kuypers, M. M. M., 2012. Zero-valent sulphur is a key intermediate in marine methane oxidation. Nature, 491, 541–546.
Niemann, H., Lösekann, T., de Beer, D., Elvert, M., Nadalig, T.,
Knittel, K., Amann, R., Sauter, E. J., Schlüter, M., Klages, M.,
Foucher, J. P., and Boetius, A., 2006. Novel microbial communities of the Haakon Mosby mud volcano and their role as methane
sink. Nature, 443, 854–858.
Reeburgh, W. S., 2007. Oceanic methane biogeochemistry. Chemical Reviews, 107, 486–513.
Römer, M., Sahling, H., Pape, T., Spieß, V., and Bohrmann, G.,
2012. Quantification of gas bubble emissions from submarine
hydrocarbon seeps at the Makran continental margin (offshore
Pakistan). Journal of Geophysical Research, Oceans, 117,
C10015, doi:10.1029/2011JC007424.
Schoell, M., 1988. Multiple origins of methane in the Earth. Chemical Geology, 71(1–3), 1–10.
Sommer, S., Pfannkuche, O., Linke, P., Luff, R., Greinert, J., Drews,
M., Gubsch, S., Pieper, M., Poser, M., and Viergutz, T., 2006.
Efficiency of benthic filter: biological control of the emission
of dissolved methane from sediments containing shallow gas
hydrates at Hydrate Ridge. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20,
doi:10.1029/2004GB002389.
Suess, E., 1980. Particulate organic carbon flux in the oceans – surface productivity and oxygen utilization. Nature, 288, 260–263.
Takai, K., Nakamura, K., Toki, T., Tsunogai, U., Miyazaki, M.,
et al., 2008. Cell proliferation at 122 degrees C and isotopically
heavy CH4 production by a hyperthermophilic methanogen
under high-pressure cultivation. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105,
10949–10954.
Valentine, D. L., 2011. Emerging topics in marine methane biogeochemistry. Annual Review of Marine Science, 3, 147–171.
Valentine, D. L., Blanton, D. C., Reeburgh, W. S., and Kastner, M.,
2001. Water column methane oxidation adjacent to an area of
active hydrate dissociation, Eel River Basin. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 65, 2633–2640.
Wellsbury, P., Goodman, K., Cragg, B.A., and Parkes, R.J., 2000.
The geomicrobiology of deep marine sediments from Blake
Ridge containing methane hydrate (Sites 994, 995 and 997). In
Paull, C., Matsumoto, R., Wallace, P.J., and Dillon, W.P. (eds.),
Proceeding of ODP, Vol. 164, pp. 379–391.
Whiticar, M. J., 1999. Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of
bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chemical Geology, 161, 291–314.
Whiticar, M. J., Faber, E., and Schoell, M., 1986. Biogenic methane
formation in marine and freshwater environments. CO 2 reduction vs. Acetate fermentation – Isotope evidence. Geochimica
et Cosmochimica Acta, 50, 693–709.
Wilhelms, A., Larter, S. R., Head, I., Farrimond, P., di Primio, R.,
and Zwach, C., 2001. Biodegradation of oil in uplifted basins
prevented by deep-burial sterilization. Nature, 411, 1034–1037.
Zonneveld, K. A. F., Versteegh, G. J. M., Kasten, S., Eglinton, T. I.,
Emeis, K. C., Huguet, C., Koch, B. P., de Lange, G. J., de Leeuw,
J. W., Middelburg, J. J., Mollenhauer, G., Prahl, F.,
Rethemeyer, J., and Wakeham, S., 2010. Selective preservation
of organic matter in marine environments; processes and impact
on the fossil record. Biogeosciences, 7, 483–511.
Cross-references
Chemosynthetic Life
Cold Seeps
Deep Biosphere
Energy Resources
Marine Gas Hydrates
Mg/Ca PALEOTHERMOMETRY
Dirk Nürnberg
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel,
Germany
Definition
Mg/Ca paleothermometry: Geochemical proxy used in
paleoceanography to reconstruct past temperatures of the
ocean surface.
Reliable sea surface temperature (SST) estimates are
crucial to the reconstruction and modeling of past climate
change. Reconstructions of the thermal state of the ocean,
in turn, may help to assess the significance of
Mg/Ca PALEOTHERMOMETRY
499