Burnett, W. C., and Riggs, S. R., 1990. Phosphate Deposits of the
World. Neogene to Modern Phosphorites. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Vol. 3, 467 pp.
Cathles, L. M., 2011. What processes at mid-ocean ridges tell us
about volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Mineralium
Deposita, 46, 639–657.
Collins, P. C., Croot, P., Carlsson, J., Colaço, A., Grehan, A.,
Hyeong, K., Kennedy, R., Mohn, C., Smith, S., Yamamoto, H.,
and Rowden, A., 2013. A primer for the environmental impact
assessment of mining at seafloor massive sulfide deposits.
Marine Policy, 42, 198–209.
Cronan, D. S., 1992. Marine Minerals in Exclusive Economic
Zones. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 209 pp.
Cronan, D. S., 2000. Handbook of Marine Mineral Deposits. Boca
Raton, FL: CRC Press, 406 pp.
Devey, C. W., Fisher, C. R., and Scott, S., 2007. Responsible science at hydrothermal vents. Oceanography, 20, 162–171.
DOE (U.S. Department of Energy), 2011. Critical Materials Strategy. Washington, DC: DOE/PI-009.
ECORYS, 2014. Study to investigate the state of knowledge of deepsea mining. Final Report under FWC MARE/2012/06-SC
E2013/04, 196 pp.
European Commission, 2014. Report on critical raw materials for
the EU. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/
files/docs/crm-report-on-critical-raw-materials_en.pdf
Fouquet, Y., and Lacroix, D., 2014. Deep Marine Mineral
Resources. Heidelberg: Springer, 166 pp.
Hannington, M., 2011. Comments on “What processes at mid-ocean
ridges tell us about volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits” by
L.M. Cathles. Mineralium Deposita, 46, 659–663.
Hannington, M. D., de Ronde, C. D., and Petersen, S., 2005.
Sea-floor tectonics and submarine hydrothermal systems. In
Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume. Littleton, CO:
Society of Economic Geologists Inc., pp. 111–141.
Hannington, M., Jamieson, J., Monecke, T., Petersen, S., and
Beaulieu, S., 2011. The abundance of seafloor massive sulfide
deposits. Geology, 39, 1155–1158.
Hein, J. R., and Koschinsky, A., 2014. Deep-ocean ferromanganese
crusts and nodules. In Treatise on Geochemistry. Amsterdam:
Elsevier, Vol. 2, pp. 273–291, doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-0959757.01111-6.
Hein, J. R., Conrad, T. A., and Staudigel, H., 2010. Seamount mineral deposits: a source of rare metals for high-technology industries. Oceanography, 23, 184–189.
Hein, J. R., Mizell, K., Koschinsky, A., and Conrad, T. A., 2013.
Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for
high- and green-technology applications: comparison with
land-based resources. Ore Geology Reviews, 51, 1–14.
IMMS, 2011. International Marine Minerals Society Code for Environmental Management of Marine Mining. www.immsoc.org/
IMMS_code.htm
ISA, 2013a. Consolidated Regulations and Recommendations on
Prospecting and Exploration. Kingston, Jamaica: International
Seabed Authority, pp. 1–214.
ISA, 2013b. Technical Study No. 11: Towards the Development of a
Regulatory Framework for Polymetallic Nodule Exploitation in
the Area. Kingston, Jamaica: International Seabed Authority,
p. 83.
Lodge, M., Johnson, D., Le Gurun, G., Wengler, M., Weaver, P., and
Gunn, V., 2014. Seabed mining: International Seabed Authority
environmental management plan for the Clarion-Clipperton
Zone. A partnership approach. Marine Policy, 49, 66–72.
Masuda, N., Okamoto, N., and Kawai, T., 2014. Sea-floor massive
sulfide mining – its possibility and difficulties to emerge as a
future business. In Drebenstedt, C., and Singhal, R. (eds.), Mine
Planning and Equipment Selection. Heidelberg: Springer,
pp. 105–112.
Mero, J. L., 1962. Ocean-floor manganese nodules. Economic
Geology, 57, 747–767.
Nawab, Z. A., 1984. Red Sea mining: a new era. Deep Sea Research
Part A: Oceanographic Research Papers, 31, 813–822.
Pandey, A., 2013. Exploration of deep seabed polymetallic sulphides: scientific rationale and regulations of the International
Seabed Authority. International Journal of Mining Science and
Technology, 23, 457–462.
Rona, P. A., 2003. Resources of the sea floor. Science, 299,
673–674.
Rona, P. A., 2008. The changing vision of marine minerals. Ore
Geology Reviews, 33, 618–666.
SPC, 2013. Deep Sea minerals. Summary and highlights. In Baker,
E., and Beaudouin, Y. (eds.), SPC-EU EDF10 Deep Sea Minerals Project. Suva, Fiji: Secretariat of the Pacific Community
(SPC), Vols. 1 & 2.
Thiel, H., Schriever, G., Ahnert, A., Bluhm, H., Borowski, C., and
Vopel, K., 2001. The large-scale environmental impact experiment DISCOL-reflection and foresight. Deep Sea Research,
Part II, 48, 3869–3882.
United Nations, 2014. Concise report on the world population situation in 2014. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Population Division, ST/ESA/SER.A/354, 30 pp.
Van Dover, C. L., 2010. Mining seafloor massive sulphides and biodiversity: what is at risk? ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68,
341–348.
Van Dover, C. L., 2011. Tighten regulations on deep-sea mining.
Nature, 470, 31–33.
Cross-references
Black and White Smokers
Chemosynthetic Life
Cobalt-rich Manganese Crusts
Energy Resources
Hydrothermal Plumes
Hydrothermal Vent Fluids (Seafloor)
Hydrothermalism
Island Arc Volcanism, Volcanic Arcs
Manganese Nodules
Mid-ocean Ridge Magmatism and Volcanism
Phosphorites
Placer Deposits
Plate Tectonics
Seamounts
Volcanogenic Massive Sulfides
MARINE REGRESSION
Jan Harff
Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, University of
Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
Synonyms
Seaward shoreline shift
A marine regression occurs either due to relative sea-level
fall (forced regression) or to increased sediment supply
during a time when the relative sea-level is stable or even
rising causing the shoreline to shift seaward (normal
480
MARINE REGRESSION
World. Neogene to Modern Phosphorites. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Vol. 3, 467 pp.
Cathles, L. M., 2011. What processes at mid-ocean ridges tell us
about volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Mineralium
Deposita, 46, 639–657.
Collins, P. C., Croot, P., Carlsson, J., Colaço, A., Grehan, A.,
Hyeong, K., Kennedy, R., Mohn, C., Smith, S., Yamamoto, H.,
and Rowden, A., 2013. A primer for the environmental impact
assessment of mining at seafloor massive sulfide deposits.
Marine Policy, 42, 198–209.
Cronan, D. S., 1992. Marine Minerals in Exclusive Economic
Zones. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 209 pp.
Cronan, D. S., 2000. Handbook of Marine Mineral Deposits. Boca
Raton, FL: CRC Press, 406 pp.
Devey, C. W., Fisher, C. R., and Scott, S., 2007. Responsible science at hydrothermal vents. Oceanography, 20, 162–171.
DOE (U.S. Department of Energy), 2011. Critical Materials Strategy. Washington, DC: DOE/PI-009.
ECORYS, 2014. Study to investigate the state of knowledge of deepsea mining. Final Report under FWC MARE/2012/06-SC
E2013/04, 196 pp.
European Commission, 2014. Report on critical raw materials for
the EU. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/raw-materials/
files/docs/crm-report-on-critical-raw-materials_en.pdf
Fouquet, Y., and Lacroix, D., 2014. Deep Marine Mineral
Resources. Heidelberg: Springer, 166 pp.
Hannington, M., 2011. Comments on “What processes at mid-ocean
ridges tell us about volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits” by
L.M. Cathles. Mineralium Deposita, 46, 659–663.
Hannington, M. D., de Ronde, C. D., and Petersen, S., 2005.
Sea-floor tectonics and submarine hydrothermal systems. In
Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume. Littleton, CO:
Society of Economic Geologists Inc., pp. 111–141.
Hannington, M., Jamieson, J., Monecke, T., Petersen, S., and
Beaulieu, S., 2011. The abundance of seafloor massive sulfide
deposits. Geology, 39, 1155–1158.
Hein, J. R., and Koschinsky, A., 2014. Deep-ocean ferromanganese
crusts and nodules. In Treatise on Geochemistry. Amsterdam:
Elsevier, Vol. 2, pp. 273–291, doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-0959757.01111-6.
Hein, J. R., Conrad, T. A., and Staudigel, H., 2010. Seamount mineral deposits: a source of rare metals for high-technology industries. Oceanography, 23, 184–189.
Hein, J. R., Mizell, K., Koschinsky, A., and Conrad, T. A., 2013.
Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for
high- and green-technology applications: comparison with
land-based resources. Ore Geology Reviews, 51, 1–14.
IMMS, 2011. International Marine Minerals Society Code for Environmental Management of Marine Mining. www.immsoc.org/
IMMS_code.htm
ISA, 2013a. Consolidated Regulations and Recommendations on
Prospecting and Exploration. Kingston, Jamaica: International
Seabed Authority, pp. 1–214.
ISA, 2013b. Technical Study No. 11: Towards the Development of a
Regulatory Framework for Polymetallic Nodule Exploitation in
the Area. Kingston, Jamaica: International Seabed Authority,
p. 83.
Lodge, M., Johnson, D., Le Gurun, G., Wengler, M., Weaver, P., and
Gunn, V., 2014. Seabed mining: International Seabed Authority
environmental management plan for the Clarion-Clipperton
Zone. A partnership approach. Marine Policy, 49, 66–72.
Masuda, N., Okamoto, N., and Kawai, T., 2014. Sea-floor massive
sulfide mining – its possibility and difficulties to emerge as a
future business. In Drebenstedt, C., and Singhal, R. (eds.), Mine
Planning and Equipment Selection. Heidelberg: Springer,
pp. 105–112.
Mero, J. L., 1962. Ocean-floor manganese nodules. Economic
Geology, 57, 747–767.
Nawab, Z. A., 1984. Red Sea mining: a new era. Deep Sea Research
Part A: Oceanographic Research Papers, 31, 813–822.
Pandey, A., 2013. Exploration of deep seabed polymetallic sulphides: scientific rationale and regulations of the International
Seabed Authority. International Journal of Mining Science and
Technology, 23, 457–462.
Rona, P. A., 2003. Resources of the sea floor. Science, 299,
673–674.
Rona, P. A., 2008. The changing vision of marine minerals. Ore
Geology Reviews, 33, 618–666.
SPC, 2013. Deep Sea minerals. Summary and highlights. In Baker,
E., and Beaudouin, Y. (eds.), SPC-EU EDF10 Deep Sea Minerals Project. Suva, Fiji: Secretariat of the Pacific Community
(SPC), Vols. 1 & 2.
Thiel, H., Schriever, G., Ahnert, A., Bluhm, H., Borowski, C., and
Vopel, K., 2001. The large-scale environmental impact experiment DISCOL-reflection and foresight. Deep Sea Research,
Part II, 48, 3869–3882.
United Nations, 2014. Concise report on the world population situation in 2014. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs
Population Division, ST/ESA/SER.A/354, 30 pp.
Van Dover, C. L., 2010. Mining seafloor massive sulphides and biodiversity: what is at risk? ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68,
341–348.
Van Dover, C. L., 2011. Tighten regulations on deep-sea mining.
Nature, 470, 31–33.
Cross-references
Black and White Smokers
Chemosynthetic Life
Cobalt-rich Manganese Crusts
Energy Resources
Hydrothermal Plumes
Hydrothermal Vent Fluids (Seafloor)
Hydrothermalism
Island Arc Volcanism, Volcanic Arcs
Manganese Nodules
Mid-ocean Ridge Magmatism and Volcanism
Phosphorites
Placer Deposits
Plate Tectonics
Seamounts
Volcanogenic Massive Sulfides
MARINE REGRESSION
Jan Harff
Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, University of
Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
Synonyms
Seaward shoreline shift
A marine regression occurs either due to relative sea-level
fall (forced regression) or to increased sediment supply
during a time when the relative sea-level is stable or even
rising causing the shoreline to shift seaward (normal
480
MARINE REGRESSION