Cross-references
Currents
Deep-sea Sediments
Fjords
Glacial-marine Sedimentation
Grounding Line
Paleoceanographic Proxies
Paleoceanography
Radiocarbon: Clock and Tracer
Regional Marine Geology
Sea-Level
Sediment Transport Models
Sequence Stratigraphy
Shelf
INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
Gerald Schernewski
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde,
Rostock, Germany
Synonyms
Coastal area planning or sustainable coastal zone development; Integrated coastal area management (ICAM); Integrated coastal resources management; Several terms are
used for concepts and approaches that share similar objectives with ICZM
Definition
A large number of ICZM definitions are available (e.g.,
Sorensen, 1997; Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998; Salomons
et al., 1999). A comprehensive international definition is
provided by the European Commission (1999): “ICZM
is a dynamic, continuous and iterative process designed
to promote sustainable management of coastal zones.
ICZM seeks, over the long-term, to balance the benefits
from economic development and human uses of the
Coastal Zone, the benefits from protecting, preserving,
and restoring Coastal Zones, the benefits from minimizing
loss of human life and property, and the benefits from public access to and enjoyment of the Coastal Zone, all within
the limits set by natural dynamics and carrying capacity.”
The term “integrated” refers to the integration of objectives; multiple instruments needed to meet these objectives; relevant policy areas, sectors, and levels of
administration; the terrestrial and marine components;
time and space; as well as different disciplines. Although
referring to “management,” ICZM covers an iterative
cyclic process of information collection, planning, decision making, management, and monitoring of implementation. The term “planning” is meant in a broad sense as
strategic policy development. Participation of all interested and affected parties (stakeholders) is a core element
in ICZM.
A general definition of the “coastal zone” does not
exist. It has to cover a band of land and sea that can be
defined based on, e.g., functional relationships, geographic properties, or administrative boundaries.
Depending on national definitions, the seaward boundary
can be several 100 m or far offshore up to the outer
limit of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The same is
true for the landward boundaries. In general, a trade-off
exists between a comprehensive large-scale definition
of the coastal zone and a narrow, small-scale approach
with high practical, administrative, and political
acceptance.
Background and history
Coastal regions are among the most populated and productive areas, with outstanding economic and ecologic
value. Increasing competition for maritime and coastal
space and increasing pressures on resources lead to a deterioration of natural, socioeconomic, and cultural
resources. The impacts of climate change are expected to
further increase the exposure of the coast. In the past,
coastal planning activities or development decisions took
place in a sectorial way, hardly being linked to each other.
This fragmented approach to planning and management
leads to inefficient use of resources, conflicting claims
on space, and missed opportunities for more sustainable
coastal development.
The United States Coastal Zone Management Program
(CZMP), established under the Coastal Zone Management
Act (CZMA) of 1972, can be regarded as one of the first
policy frameworks for coordinated coastal zone planning
and management (Knecht and Archer, 1993). During the
last 40 years, ICZM as a concept evolved from
nonintegrated sectorial toward integrated approaches
(Sorensen, 1997; Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998; Salomons
et al., 1999). Initially the emphasis of ICZM was on the
environment, later economic aspects as well as social
and ethical components were included (Turner, 2000).
ICZM received worldwide recognition after the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED) in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The resulting
Agenda 21, Chapter 17.1, called for “new approaches to
marine and coastal area management and development,
at the national, sub-regional, regional and global levels,
approaches that are integrated in content and are precautionary and anticipatory in ambit.”
State and challenges
Many ICZM policies, projects, initiatives, and activities
have developed during the last decades at local, regional,
and national level (e.g., Sorensen, 1997; Shipman and
Stojanovic, 2007). The exchange of experiences and
learning from best practice examples plays an important
role in ICZM (Olsen et al., 1998). Against this background
the European Commission maintains the OURCOAST
online database with about 350 case studies on major
INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
363
Currents
Deep-sea Sediments
Fjords
Glacial-marine Sedimentation
Grounding Line
Paleoceanographic Proxies
Paleoceanography
Radiocarbon: Clock and Tracer
Regional Marine Geology
Sea-Level
Sediment Transport Models
Sequence Stratigraphy
Shelf
INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
Gerald Schernewski
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde,
Rostock, Germany
Synonyms
Coastal area planning or sustainable coastal zone development; Integrated coastal area management (ICAM); Integrated coastal resources management; Several terms are
used for concepts and approaches that share similar objectives with ICZM
Definition
A large number of ICZM definitions are available (e.g.,
Sorensen, 1997; Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998; Salomons
et al., 1999). A comprehensive international definition is
provided by the European Commission (1999): “ICZM
is a dynamic, continuous and iterative process designed
to promote sustainable management of coastal zones.
ICZM seeks, over the long-term, to balance the benefits
from economic development and human uses of the
Coastal Zone, the benefits from protecting, preserving,
and restoring Coastal Zones, the benefits from minimizing
loss of human life and property, and the benefits from public access to and enjoyment of the Coastal Zone, all within
the limits set by natural dynamics and carrying capacity.”
The term “integrated” refers to the integration of objectives; multiple instruments needed to meet these objectives; relevant policy areas, sectors, and levels of
administration; the terrestrial and marine components;
time and space; as well as different disciplines. Although
referring to “management,” ICZM covers an iterative
cyclic process of information collection, planning, decision making, management, and monitoring of implementation. The term “planning” is meant in a broad sense as
strategic policy development. Participation of all interested and affected parties (stakeholders) is a core element
in ICZM.
A general definition of the “coastal zone” does not
exist. It has to cover a band of land and sea that can be
defined based on, e.g., functional relationships, geographic properties, or administrative boundaries.
Depending on national definitions, the seaward boundary
can be several 100 m or far offshore up to the outer
limit of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The same is
true for the landward boundaries. In general, a trade-off
exists between a comprehensive large-scale definition
of the coastal zone and a narrow, small-scale approach
with high practical, administrative, and political
acceptance.
Background and history
Coastal regions are among the most populated and productive areas, with outstanding economic and ecologic
value. Increasing competition for maritime and coastal
space and increasing pressures on resources lead to a deterioration of natural, socioeconomic, and cultural
resources. The impacts of climate change are expected to
further increase the exposure of the coast. In the past,
coastal planning activities or development decisions took
place in a sectorial way, hardly being linked to each other.
This fragmented approach to planning and management
leads to inefficient use of resources, conflicting claims
on space, and missed opportunities for more sustainable
coastal development.
The United States Coastal Zone Management Program
(CZMP), established under the Coastal Zone Management
Act (CZMA) of 1972, can be regarded as one of the first
policy frameworks for coordinated coastal zone planning
and management (Knecht and Archer, 1993). During the
last 40 years, ICZM as a concept evolved from
nonintegrated sectorial toward integrated approaches
(Sorensen, 1997; Cicin-Sain and Knecht, 1998; Salomons
et al., 1999). Initially the emphasis of ICZM was on the
environment, later economic aspects as well as social
and ethical components were included (Turner, 2000).
ICZM received worldwide recognition after the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED) in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The resulting
Agenda 21, Chapter 17.1, called for “new approaches to
marine and coastal area management and development,
at the national, sub-regional, regional and global levels,
approaches that are integrated in content and are precautionary and anticipatory in ambit.”
State and challenges
Many ICZM policies, projects, initiatives, and activities
have developed during the last decades at local, regional,
and national level (e.g., Sorensen, 1997; Shipman and
Stojanovic, 2007). The exchange of experiences and
learning from best practice examples plays an important
role in ICZM (Olsen et al., 1998). Against this background
the European Commission maintains the OURCOAST
online database with about 350 case studies on major
INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
363