Berggren, W. A., 1972. Late Pliocene-Pleistocene glaciation. In
Laughton, A. S., Berggren, W. A., et al. (eds.), Initial Reports
of the Deep-Sea Drilling Programme. Washington, DC:
US Government Printing Office, Vol. 12, pp. 953–963.
Bond, G. C., and Lotti, R., 1995. Iceberg discharges into the North
Atlantic on millennial time scales during the Last Glaciation.
Science, 267, 1005–1009.
Bond, G., Showers, W., Cheseby, M., Lotti, R., Almasi, P.,
deMenocal, P., Priore, P., Cullen, H., Hajdas, I., and Bonani,
G., 1997. A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic
Holocene and glacial climates. Science, 278, 1257–1266.
Bond, G., Showers, W., Elliot, M., Evans, M., Lotti, R., Hadjas, I.,
Bonani, G., and Johnson, S., 1999. The North Atlantic’s 1–2
kyr climate rhythm: relation to Heinrich events, Dansgaard/
Oeschger and the Little Ice Age. In Clark, P. U., et al. (eds.),
Mechanisms of Global Climate Changes at Millennial Timescales. Washington, DC: AGU. Geophysical Monograph Series,
112, pp. 35–58.
Bramlette, M. N., and Bradley, W. H., 1940. Geology and biology of
North Atlantic deep-sea cores between Newfoundland and Ireland. Part I. Lithology and geological interpretations. United
States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 196A: 1–34.
Broecker, W. S., 1994. Massive iceberg discharges as triggers for
global climate change. Nature, 372, 421–424.
Broecker, W. S., Bond, G., McManus, J., Klas, M., and Clark, M.,
1992. Origin of the Northern Atlantic’s Heinrich events. Climate
Dynamics, 6, 265–273.
Dowdeswell, J. A., Maslin, M. A., Andrews, J. T., and McCave,
I. N., 1995. Iceberg production, debris rafting, and the extent
and thickness of Heinrich layers (H-1, H-2) in North Atlantic
sediments. Geology, 23, 301–304.
Dowdeswell, J. A., Elverhøj, A., Andrews, J. T., and Hebbeln, D.,
1999. Asynchronous deposition of ice-rafted layers in the Nordic
seas and North Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 400, 348–351.
Drewry, D., 1986. Glacial Geologic Processes. London: Edward
Arnold.
Gilbert, R., 1990. Rafting in glacimarine environments. In
Dowdeswell, J. A., and Scource, J. D. (eds.), Glacimarine Environments: Processes and Sediments. London: Geological Society. Special Publications of the Geological Society of London,
Vol. 53, pp. 105–120.
Grousset, F. E., Cortijo, E., Huon, S., Herve, L., Richter, T.,
Burdloff, D., Duprat, J., and Weber, O., 2001. Zooming in on
Heinrich layers. Paleoceanography, 16, 240–259.
Gwiazda, R. H., Hemming, S. R., and Broecker, W. S., 1996. Provenance of icebergs during Heinrich event 3 and their contrast to
their sources during other Heinrich episodes. Paleoceanography, 11, 371–378.
Heinrich, H., 1988. Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in
the Northeast Atlantic Ocean during the past 130,000 years.
Quaternary Research, 29(2), 143–152.
Hemming, S. R., Broecker, W. S., Sharp, W. D., Bond, G. C.,
Gwiadzda, R. H., McManus, J. F., Klas, M., and Hajdas, I.,
1998. Provenance of Heinrich layers in core V28-82, northwestern Atlantic:
40 Ar/
39 Ar ages of ice-rafted hornblende, Pb isotopes in feldspar grains, and Nd-Sr-Pb isotopes in the fine
sediment fraction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 164,
317–333.
Holland, D., Thomas, R. H., de Young, B., Ribergaard, M. H., and
Lyberth, B., 2008. Acceleration of Jakobshavn Isbrae triggered
by warm subsurface ocean waters. Nature Geoscience, 1,
659–664.
Hulbe, C. L., MacAyeal, D. R., Denton, G. H., Kleman, J., and Lowell, T. V., 2004. Catastrophic ice shelf breakup as the source of
Heinrich event icebergs. Paleoceanography, 19, PA1004,
doi:10.1029/2003PA000890.
Knutz, P. C., Hall, I. R., Zahn, R., Rasmussen, T. L., Kuijpers, A.,
Moros, M., and Shackleton, N. J., 2002. Multidecadal ocean variability and NW European ice sheet surges during the last deglaciation. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 3(12), 1–9.
Knutz, P. C., Ebbesen, H., Christiansen, S., Sicre, M.-A., and
Kuijpers, A., 2011. A triple stage deglacial retreat of the southern
Greenland Ice Sheet driven by vigorous Irminger Current.
Paleoceanography, 26, PA3204, doi:10.1029/2010PA002053.
Kuijpers, A., Heinrich, H., and Moros, M., 2005. Climatic warming:
a trigger for glacial iceberg surges (“Heinrich events”) in the
North Atlantic? Review of Survey Activities. Geological Survey
of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin, 7, 53–56.
Linthout, K., Troelstra, S. R., and Kuijpers, A., 2000. Provenance of
coarse Ice Rafted Detritus near the SE Greenland Margin. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 79(1), 109–121.
Lloyd, J. M., Moros, M., Perner, K., Telford, R., Kuijpers, A.,
Jansen, E., and McCarthy, D., 2011. A 100 year record of ocean
temperature control on the stability of Jakobshavn Isbrae, West
Greenland. Geology, doi:10.1130/G32076.1.
MacAyeal, D. R., 1993. Binge/purge oscillations of the Laurentide
ice sheet as a cause of the North Atlantic’s Heinrich events.
Paleoceanography, 8, 775–784.
Moros, M., Kuijpers, A., Snowball, I., Lassen, S., Bäckström, D.,
Gingele, F., and McManus, J., 2002. Were glacial iceberg surges
in the North Atlantic triggered by climatic warming? Marine
Geology, 192, 393–417.
Reeh, N., Mayer, C., Miller, H., Højmark-Thomsen, H., and
Weidick, A., 1999. Present and past climate control on fjord glaciations in Greenland: implications for IRD deposition in the sea.
Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 1039–1042.
Ricketts, N. G., and Trask, P. D., 1932. The “Marion” expedition to
Davis Strait and Baffin Bay, 1928 – Scientific Results, Part
1, The Bathymetry and Sediments of Davis Strait. Washington,
DC: United States Government Printing Office. U.S. Treasury
Department, Coast Guard Bulletin, Vol. 19, pp. 1–81.
Ruddiman, W. F., 1977. Late Quaternary deposition of ice-rafted
sand in the sub-polar North Atlantic (40–60
o N). Geological
Society of America Bulletin, 88, 1813–1827.
Scourse, J. D., Hall, I. R., McCave, I. N., Young, J. R., and Sudgon,
C., 2000. The origin of Heinrich layers: evidence from H2 for
European precursor events. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
181, 187–195.
Shackleton, N. J., Backman, J., Zimmerman, H., Kent, D. V., Hall,
M. A., Roberts, D. G., Schnitker, D., Baldauf, J. G., Desprairies,
A., Homrighausen, R., Huddlestun, P., Keene, J. B., Kaltenback,
A. J., Krumsiek, K. A. O., Morton, A. C., Murray, J. W., and
Westberg-Smith, J., 1984. Oxygen isotope calibration of the
onset of ice rafting and history of glaciation in the North Atlantic
region. Nature, 307, 620–623.
Stein, R., Nam, S.-I., Grobe, H., and Hubberten, H., 1996. Late
Quaternary glacial history and short-term ice-rafted debris fluctuations along the East Greenland continental margin. In
Andrews, J. T., Austin, W. E. N., Bergsten, H., and Jennings,
A. E. (eds.), Late Quaternary Palaeoceanography of the North
Atlantic Margins. London: Geological Society. Geological Society Special Publication, Vol. 111, pp. 135–151.
Tantillo, B., St. John, K., Passchier, S., and Kearns, L., 2012. Can
sea ice-rafted debris be distinguished from iceberg-rafted debris
based on grain surface features? Analysis of quartz grains from
modern Arctic Ocean sea ice floes. In GSA Annual Meeting
Abstracts.
Vidal, L., Labeyrie, L., Cortijo, E., Arnold, M., Duplessy, J. C.,
Michel, E., and Becqué, S., 1997. Evidence for changes in the
North Atlantic Deep Water linked to meltwater surges during
the Heinrich events. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 146,
13–27.
362
ICE-RAFTED DEBRIS (IRD)
Laughton, A. S., Berggren, W. A., et al. (eds.), Initial Reports
of the Deep-Sea Drilling Programme. Washington, DC:
US Government Printing Office, Vol. 12, pp. 953–963.
Bond, G. C., and Lotti, R., 1995. Iceberg discharges into the North
Atlantic on millennial time scales during the Last Glaciation.
Science, 267, 1005–1009.
Bond, G., Showers, W., Cheseby, M., Lotti, R., Almasi, P.,
deMenocal, P., Priore, P., Cullen, H., Hajdas, I., and Bonani,
G., 1997. A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic
Holocene and glacial climates. Science, 278, 1257–1266.
Bond, G., Showers, W., Elliot, M., Evans, M., Lotti, R., Hadjas, I.,
Bonani, G., and Johnson, S., 1999. The North Atlantic’s 1–2
kyr climate rhythm: relation to Heinrich events, Dansgaard/
Oeschger and the Little Ice Age. In Clark, P. U., et al. (eds.),
Mechanisms of Global Climate Changes at Millennial Timescales. Washington, DC: AGU. Geophysical Monograph Series,
112, pp. 35–58.
Bramlette, M. N., and Bradley, W. H., 1940. Geology and biology of
North Atlantic deep-sea cores between Newfoundland and Ireland. Part I. Lithology and geological interpretations. United
States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 196A: 1–34.
Broecker, W. S., 1994. Massive iceberg discharges as triggers for
global climate change. Nature, 372, 421–424.
Broecker, W. S., Bond, G., McManus, J., Klas, M., and Clark, M.,
1992. Origin of the Northern Atlantic’s Heinrich events. Climate
Dynamics, 6, 265–273.
Dowdeswell, J. A., Maslin, M. A., Andrews, J. T., and McCave,
I. N., 1995. Iceberg production, debris rafting, and the extent
and thickness of Heinrich layers (H-1, H-2) in North Atlantic
sediments. Geology, 23, 301–304.
Dowdeswell, J. A., Elverhøj, A., Andrews, J. T., and Hebbeln, D.,
1999. Asynchronous deposition of ice-rafted layers in the Nordic
seas and North Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 400, 348–351.
Drewry, D., 1986. Glacial Geologic Processes. London: Edward
Arnold.
Gilbert, R., 1990. Rafting in glacimarine environments. In
Dowdeswell, J. A., and Scource, J. D. (eds.), Glacimarine Environments: Processes and Sediments. London: Geological Society. Special Publications of the Geological Society of London,
Vol. 53, pp. 105–120.
Grousset, F. E., Cortijo, E., Huon, S., Herve, L., Richter, T.,
Burdloff, D., Duprat, J., and Weber, O., 2001. Zooming in on
Heinrich layers. Paleoceanography, 16, 240–259.
Gwiazda, R. H., Hemming, S. R., and Broecker, W. S., 1996. Provenance of icebergs during Heinrich event 3 and their contrast to
their sources during other Heinrich episodes. Paleoceanography, 11, 371–378.
Heinrich, H., 1988. Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in
the Northeast Atlantic Ocean during the past 130,000 years.
Quaternary Research, 29(2), 143–152.
Hemming, S. R., Broecker, W. S., Sharp, W. D., Bond, G. C.,
Gwiadzda, R. H., McManus, J. F., Klas, M., and Hajdas, I.,
1998. Provenance of Heinrich layers in core V28-82, northwestern Atlantic:
40 Ar/
39 Ar ages of ice-rafted hornblende, Pb isotopes in feldspar grains, and Nd-Sr-Pb isotopes in the fine
sediment fraction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 164,
317–333.
Holland, D., Thomas, R. H., de Young, B., Ribergaard, M. H., and
Lyberth, B., 2008. Acceleration of Jakobshavn Isbrae triggered
by warm subsurface ocean waters. Nature Geoscience, 1,
659–664.
Hulbe, C. L., MacAyeal, D. R., Denton, G. H., Kleman, J., and Lowell, T. V., 2004. Catastrophic ice shelf breakup as the source of
Heinrich event icebergs. Paleoceanography, 19, PA1004,
doi:10.1029/2003PA000890.
Knutz, P. C., Hall, I. R., Zahn, R., Rasmussen, T. L., Kuijpers, A.,
Moros, M., and Shackleton, N. J., 2002. Multidecadal ocean variability and NW European ice sheet surges during the last deglaciation. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 3(12), 1–9.
Knutz, P. C., Ebbesen, H., Christiansen, S., Sicre, M.-A., and
Kuijpers, A., 2011. A triple stage deglacial retreat of the southern
Greenland Ice Sheet driven by vigorous Irminger Current.
Paleoceanography, 26, PA3204, doi:10.1029/2010PA002053.
Kuijpers, A., Heinrich, H., and Moros, M., 2005. Climatic warming:
a trigger for glacial iceberg surges (“Heinrich events”) in the
North Atlantic? Review of Survey Activities. Geological Survey
of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin, 7, 53–56.
Linthout, K., Troelstra, S. R., and Kuijpers, A., 2000. Provenance of
coarse Ice Rafted Detritus near the SE Greenland Margin. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 79(1), 109–121.
Lloyd, J. M., Moros, M., Perner, K., Telford, R., Kuijpers, A.,
Jansen, E., and McCarthy, D., 2011. A 100 year record of ocean
temperature control on the stability of Jakobshavn Isbrae, West
Greenland. Geology, doi:10.1130/G32076.1.
MacAyeal, D. R., 1993. Binge/purge oscillations of the Laurentide
ice sheet as a cause of the North Atlantic’s Heinrich events.
Paleoceanography, 8, 775–784.
Moros, M., Kuijpers, A., Snowball, I., Lassen, S., Bäckström, D.,
Gingele, F., and McManus, J., 2002. Were glacial iceberg surges
in the North Atlantic triggered by climatic warming? Marine
Geology, 192, 393–417.
Reeh, N., Mayer, C., Miller, H., Højmark-Thomsen, H., and
Weidick, A., 1999. Present and past climate control on fjord glaciations in Greenland: implications for IRD deposition in the sea.
Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 1039–1042.
Ricketts, N. G., and Trask, P. D., 1932. The “Marion” expedition to
Davis Strait and Baffin Bay, 1928 – Scientific Results, Part
1, The Bathymetry and Sediments of Davis Strait. Washington,
DC: United States Government Printing Office. U.S. Treasury
Department, Coast Guard Bulletin, Vol. 19, pp. 1–81.
Ruddiman, W. F., 1977. Late Quaternary deposition of ice-rafted
sand in the sub-polar North Atlantic (40–60
o N). Geological
Society of America Bulletin, 88, 1813–1827.
Scourse, J. D., Hall, I. R., McCave, I. N., Young, J. R., and Sudgon,
C., 2000. The origin of Heinrich layers: evidence from H2 for
European precursor events. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
181, 187–195.
Shackleton, N. J., Backman, J., Zimmerman, H., Kent, D. V., Hall,
M. A., Roberts, D. G., Schnitker, D., Baldauf, J. G., Desprairies,
A., Homrighausen, R., Huddlestun, P., Keene, J. B., Kaltenback,
A. J., Krumsiek, K. A. O., Morton, A. C., Murray, J. W., and
Westberg-Smith, J., 1984. Oxygen isotope calibration of the
onset of ice rafting and history of glaciation in the North Atlantic
region. Nature, 307, 620–623.
Stein, R., Nam, S.-I., Grobe, H., and Hubberten, H., 1996. Late
Quaternary glacial history and short-term ice-rafted debris fluctuations along the East Greenland continental margin. In
Andrews, J. T., Austin, W. E. N., Bergsten, H., and Jennings,
A. E. (eds.), Late Quaternary Palaeoceanography of the North
Atlantic Margins. London: Geological Society. Geological Society Special Publication, Vol. 111, pp. 135–151.
Tantillo, B., St. John, K., Passchier, S., and Kearns, L., 2012. Can
sea ice-rafted debris be distinguished from iceberg-rafted debris
based on grain surface features? Analysis of quartz grains from
modern Arctic Ocean sea ice floes. In GSA Annual Meeting
Abstracts.
Vidal, L., Labeyrie, L., Cortijo, E., Arnold, M., Duplessy, J. C.,
Michel, E., and Becqué, S., 1997. Evidence for changes in the
North Atlantic Deep Water linked to meltwater surges during
the Heinrich events. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 146,
13–27.
362
ICE-RAFTED DEBRIS (IRD)