Bibliography
Braun, M. G., and Sohn, R. A., 2003. Melt migration in plumeridge systems. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 213,
417–430.
Christie, D. M., Werner, R., Hauff, F., Hoernle, K., and Hanan,
B. B., 2005. Morphological and geochemical variations along
the eastern Galapagos Spreading Center. Geochemistry, Geophysics,
Geosystems,
6(1),
Q01006.
doi:10.1029/
2004GC000714
Fretzdorff, S., Haase, K. M., and Garbe-Schönberg, C.-D., 1996.
Petrogenesis of lavas from the Umu Volcanic Field in the young
hotspot region west of Easter Island, southeastern
Pacific. Lithos, 38, 23–40.
Haase, K. M., Devey, C. W., and Goldstein, S. L., 1996. Two-way
exchange between the Easter mantle plume and the Easter
microplate spreading axis. Nature, 382, 344–346.
Haase, K. M., Stroncik, N. A., Hékinian, R., and Stoffers, P.,
2005. Nb-depleted andesites from the Pacific-Antarctic
Rise as analogs for early continental crust. Geology, 33(12),
921–924.
Harpp, K. S., Wanless, V. D., Otto, H. R., Hoernle, K., and Werner,
R., 2005. The Cocos and Carnegie aseismic ridges: a trace element record of long-term plume-spreading center interaction.
Journal of Petrology, 46(1), 109–133.
Ito, G., and Lin, J., 1995. Oceanic spreading center-hotspot interactions: constraints from along-isochron bathymetric and gravity
anomalies. Geology, 23, 657–660.
Keller, R. A., Fisk, M. R., and White, W. M., 2000. Isotopic evidence for Late Cretaceous plume-ridge interaction at the Hawaiian hotspot. Nature, 405, 673–676.
Kokfelt, T., Lundstrom, C., Hoernle, K., Hauff, F., and Werner, R.,
2005. Plume–ridge interaction studied at the Galápagos spreading center: evidence from 226Ra–230Th–238U and
231Pa–235U isotopic disequilibria. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 234(1–2), 165–187.
Kopp, H., Kopp, C., Morgan, J., Flueh, E., Weinrebe, W., and Morgan, W., 2003. Fossil hot spot-ridge interaction in the Musicians
Seamount Province: geophysical investigations of hot spot volcanism at volcanic elongated ridges. Journal of Geophysical
Research: Solid Earth, 108(B3), 2160.
Maia, M., Ackermand, D., Dehghani, G. A., Gente, P., Hekinian, R.,
Naar, D., O’Connor, J., Perrot, K., Morgan, J. P., Ramillien, G.,
Revillon, S., Sabetian, A., Sandwell, D., and Stoffers, P., 2000.
The Pacific-Antarctic ridge-foundation hotspot interaction: a
case study of a ridge approaching a hotspot. Marine Geology,
167(1–2), 61–84.
Mittelstaedt, E., Ito, G., and van Hunen, J., 2011. Repeat ridge
jumps associated with plume-ridge interaction, melt transport,
and ridge migration. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid
Earth, 116, B01102.
O’Connor, J. M., Stoffers, P., and Wijbrans, J. R., 2001. En echelon
volcanic elongate ridges connecting intraplate Foundation Chain
volcanism to the Pacific-Antarctic spreading center. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 192, 633–648.
Portnyagin, M., Hoernle, K., and Savelyev, D., 2009. Ultra-depleted
melts from Kamchatkan ophiolites: evidence for the interaction
of the hawaiian plume with an oceanic spreading center in the
Cretaceous? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 287(1–2),
194–204.
Stroncik, N. A., and Devey, C. W., 2011. Recycled gabbro signature
in hotspot magmas unveiled by plume-ridge interactions. Nature
Geoscience, 4(6), 393–397.
Stroncik, N., Niedermann, S., and Haase, K., 2008. Plume–ridge
interaction revisited: evidence for melt mixing from He, Ne
and Ar isotope and abundance systematics. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 268(3–4), 424–432.
Taylor, B., 2006. The single largest oceanic plateau: Ontong Java–
Manihiki–Hikurangi. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
241, 372–380.
Villagomez, D. R., Toomey, D. R., Geist, D. J., Hooft, E. E. E., and
Solomon, S. C., 2014. Mantle flow and multistage melting
beneath the Galapagos hotspot revealed by seismic imaging.
Nature Geoscience, 7(2), 151–156.
Cross-references
Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes
Oceanic Plateaus
Oceanic Spreading Centers
Seamounts
HURRICANES AND TYPHOONS
Don Resio
1 and Shannon Kay
2
1
Taylor Engineering Research Institute, University of
North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
2
Coastal Projects, Manson Construction Co.,
Jacksonville, FL, USA
Definition
Hurricanes and typhoons are atmospheric circulation systems of tropical origin characterized by low pressure at the
center and near surface winds spiraling inward around this
center, typically storm size ranges from 10 to 80 km for the
radius to maximum wind speeds with cloud cover
extending from about 150 to 1,500 km. In meteorological
terms, hurricanes and typhoons are low pressure, warmcore cyclones, originating in warm waters with closed surface winds rotating about an eye. Table 1 shows that several different names are used in different areas around
the world to refer to these storms. The origins of the local
names for these storms, hurricanes and typhoons, come
from the languages of people who lived in areas most
affected by tropical cyclones.
• “Hurricane” was derived from the ancient Mayan God
of Storms, “Hurakan,” known for causing the great
flood which destroyed humanity, based on ancient
Carib God, “Hurican,” the god of evil (Mythica, 2013).
• “Typhoon” originates from the Chinese word “dàfe ¯ng
(tai fung)” meaning big wind.
• “Willy Willy” is a local term that originated along west
coast of Australia.
For simplicity, the generic meteorological term, tropical
cyclone, will be used this entry.
Introduction
As shown in Figure 1, tropical cyclones represent a serious, persistent threat to coastal communities around the
world. Given the existence of ongoing, possibly accelerating, global sea-level rise along with the increasing importance of ports and harbors in global trade, it is very likely
HURRICANES AND TYPHOONS
329
Braun, M. G., and Sohn, R. A., 2003. Melt migration in plumeridge systems. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 213,
417–430.
Christie, D. M., Werner, R., Hauff, F., Hoernle, K., and Hanan,
B. B., 2005. Morphological and geochemical variations along
the eastern Galapagos Spreading Center. Geochemistry, Geophysics,
Geosystems,
6(1),
Q01006.
doi:10.1029/
2004GC000714
Fretzdorff, S., Haase, K. M., and Garbe-Schönberg, C.-D., 1996.
Petrogenesis of lavas from the Umu Volcanic Field in the young
hotspot region west of Easter Island, southeastern
Pacific. Lithos, 38, 23–40.
Haase, K. M., Devey, C. W., and Goldstein, S. L., 1996. Two-way
exchange between the Easter mantle plume and the Easter
microplate spreading axis. Nature, 382, 344–346.
Haase, K. M., Stroncik, N. A., Hékinian, R., and Stoffers, P.,
2005. Nb-depleted andesites from the Pacific-Antarctic
Rise as analogs for early continental crust. Geology, 33(12),
921–924.
Harpp, K. S., Wanless, V. D., Otto, H. R., Hoernle, K., and Werner,
R., 2005. The Cocos and Carnegie aseismic ridges: a trace element record of long-term plume-spreading center interaction.
Journal of Petrology, 46(1), 109–133.
Ito, G., and Lin, J., 1995. Oceanic spreading center-hotspot interactions: constraints from along-isochron bathymetric and gravity
anomalies. Geology, 23, 657–660.
Keller, R. A., Fisk, M. R., and White, W. M., 2000. Isotopic evidence for Late Cretaceous plume-ridge interaction at the Hawaiian hotspot. Nature, 405, 673–676.
Kokfelt, T., Lundstrom, C., Hoernle, K., Hauff, F., and Werner, R.,
2005. Plume–ridge interaction studied at the Galápagos spreading center: evidence from 226Ra–230Th–238U and
231Pa–235U isotopic disequilibria. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 234(1–2), 165–187.
Kopp, H., Kopp, C., Morgan, J., Flueh, E., Weinrebe, W., and Morgan, W., 2003. Fossil hot spot-ridge interaction in the Musicians
Seamount Province: geophysical investigations of hot spot volcanism at volcanic elongated ridges. Journal of Geophysical
Research: Solid Earth, 108(B3), 2160.
Maia, M., Ackermand, D., Dehghani, G. A., Gente, P., Hekinian, R.,
Naar, D., O’Connor, J., Perrot, K., Morgan, J. P., Ramillien, G.,
Revillon, S., Sabetian, A., Sandwell, D., and Stoffers, P., 2000.
The Pacific-Antarctic ridge-foundation hotspot interaction: a
case study of a ridge approaching a hotspot. Marine Geology,
167(1–2), 61–84.
Mittelstaedt, E., Ito, G., and van Hunen, J., 2011. Repeat ridge
jumps associated with plume-ridge interaction, melt transport,
and ridge migration. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid
Earth, 116, B01102.
O’Connor, J. M., Stoffers, P., and Wijbrans, J. R., 2001. En echelon
volcanic elongate ridges connecting intraplate Foundation Chain
volcanism to the Pacific-Antarctic spreading center. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 192, 633–648.
Portnyagin, M., Hoernle, K., and Savelyev, D., 2009. Ultra-depleted
melts from Kamchatkan ophiolites: evidence for the interaction
of the hawaiian plume with an oceanic spreading center in the
Cretaceous? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 287(1–2),
194–204.
Stroncik, N. A., and Devey, C. W., 2011. Recycled gabbro signature
in hotspot magmas unveiled by plume-ridge interactions. Nature
Geoscience, 4(6), 393–397.
Stroncik, N., Niedermann, S., and Haase, K., 2008. Plume–ridge
interaction revisited: evidence for melt mixing from He, Ne
and Ar isotope and abundance systematics. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 268(3–4), 424–432.
Taylor, B., 2006. The single largest oceanic plateau: Ontong Java–
Manihiki–Hikurangi. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
241, 372–380.
Villagomez, D. R., Toomey, D. R., Geist, D. J., Hooft, E. E. E., and
Solomon, S. C., 2014. Mantle flow and multistage melting
beneath the Galapagos hotspot revealed by seismic imaging.
Nature Geoscience, 7(2), 151–156.
Cross-references
Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes
Oceanic Plateaus
Oceanic Spreading Centers
Seamounts
HURRICANES AND TYPHOONS
Don Resio
1 and Shannon Kay
2
1
Taylor Engineering Research Institute, University of
North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
2
Coastal Projects, Manson Construction Co.,
Jacksonville, FL, USA
Definition
Hurricanes and typhoons are atmospheric circulation systems of tropical origin characterized by low pressure at the
center and near surface winds spiraling inward around this
center, typically storm size ranges from 10 to 80 km for the
radius to maximum wind speeds with cloud cover
extending from about 150 to 1,500 km. In meteorological
terms, hurricanes and typhoons are low pressure, warmcore cyclones, originating in warm waters with closed surface winds rotating about an eye. Table 1 shows that several different names are used in different areas around
the world to refer to these storms. The origins of the local
names for these storms, hurricanes and typhoons, come
from the languages of people who lived in areas most
affected by tropical cyclones.
• “Hurricane” was derived from the ancient Mayan God
of Storms, “Hurakan,” known for causing the great
flood which destroyed humanity, based on ancient
Carib God, “Hurican,” the god of evil (Mythica, 2013).
• “Typhoon” originates from the Chinese word “dàfe ¯ng
(tai fung)” meaning big wind.
• “Willy Willy” is a local term that originated along west
coast of Australia.
For simplicity, the generic meteorological term, tropical
cyclone, will be used this entry.
Introduction
As shown in Figure 1, tropical cyclones represent a serious, persistent threat to coastal communities around the
world. Given the existence of ongoing, possibly accelerating, global sea-level rise along with the increasing importance of ports and harbors in global trade, it is very likely
HURRICANES AND TYPHOONS
329