Hayward, B.W., Cedhagen, T., Kaminski, M., and Gross, O. 2015.
World Foraminifera Database. Accessed through: Hayward, B.
W., Cedhagen, T., Kaminski, M., and Gross, O. (2015) World
Foraminifera Database at http://www.marinespecies.org/foraminifera/aphia.php?p¼taxdetails&id¼114000. 02 May 2015.
Horton, B., Edwards, R. J., and Lloyd, J. M., 1999. UK intertidal
foraminiferal distributions: implications for sea-level studies.
Marine Micropaleontology, 36, 205–223.
Kristjansdottir, G. B., Lea, D. W., Jennings, A. E., Pak, D. K., and
Belanger, C., 2007. New spatial Mg/Ca-temperature calibrations
for three Arctic, benthic foraminifera and reconstruction of north
Iceland shelf temperature for the past 4000 years. Geochemistry,
Geophysics, Geosystems, 8, 1–27.
Kuhnt, W., Hess, S., Holbourn, A., Paulsen, H., and Salomon, B.,
2005. The impact of the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption on deepsea foraminiferal communities: a model for the CretaceousTertiary (K/T) boundary? Palaeogegraphy, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology, 224, 83–107.
Lea, D. W., 1999. Trace elements in foraminiferal calcite. In Sen
Gupta, B. K. (ed.), Modern Foraminifera. London: Kluwer,
pp. 259–277.
Loeblich, A. R., and Tappan, H., Jr., 1988. Foraminiferal Genera
and Their Classification. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Martin, P. A., Lea, D. W., Rosenthal, Y., Shackleton, N. J.,
Sarnthein, M., and Papenfuss, T., 2002. Quaternary deep
sea
temperature
histories
derived
from
benthic
foraminiferal Mg/Ca. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
198, 193–209.
Mikhalevich, V. I., 2013. New insight into the systematics and evolution of the foraminifera. Micropaleontology, 59, 493–527.
Mix, A. C., and Ruddiman, W. F., 1984. Oxygen-isotope analyses
and Pleistocene ice volumes. Quaternary Science, 21, 1–20.
Murray, J. W., 1979. British Nearshore Foraminiferids. London:
Academic.
Murray, J. W., 1991. Ecology and Palaeoecology of Benthic Foraminifera. Harlow: Longman.
Murray, J. W., 2006. Ecology and Applications of Benthic Foraminifera. New York: Cambridge.
Pawlowski, J., 2012. Foraminifera. In Schaechter, M. (ed.), Eukaryotic Microbes. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Pawlowski, J., Holzmann, M., Berney, C., Fahrni, J., Gooday, A. J.,
Cedhagen, T., Habura, A., and Bowser, S. S., 2003. The evolution of early foraminifera. Proceeding of the National Academy
of Science of the USA, 100, 11494–11498.
Pawlowski, J., Holzmann, M., and Tyszka, J., 2013. New
supraordinal classification of foraminifera: molecules meet morphology. Marine Micropaleontology, 100, 1–10.
Pawlowski, J., Lejzerowicz, F., and Esling, P., 2014. NextGeneration
environmental
diversity
surveys
of
foraminifera > preparing the future. Biological Bulletin, 227,
93–106.
Polovodova, I., and Schönfeld, J., 2008. Foraminiferal test abnormalities in the western Baltic Sea. Journal of Foraminiferal
Research, 38, 318–336.
Ravelo, A. Ch., and Hillaire-Marcel, C., 2007. The use of oxygen
and carbon isotopes of foraminifera in Paleoceanography. In
Hillaire–Marcel, C., and De Vernal, A. (eds.), Developments in
Marine Geology. London: Elsevier, Vol. 1, pp. 735–760.
Rohling, E. J., and Cooke, S., 1999. Stable oxygen and carbon isotopes in foraminiferal carbonate shells. In Sen Gupta, B. K. (ed.),
Modern Foraminifera. London: Kluwer, pp. 239–258.
Schönfeld, J., Alve, E., Geslin, E., Jorissen, F., Korsun, S.,
Spezzaferri, S., and Members of the FOBIMO Group, 2012.
Marine Micropaleontology, 94–95, 1–13.
Schröder, C.J., 1988. Subsurface preservation of agglutinated foraminifera in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Abhandlungen der
Geologischen Bundesanstalt-A, 41, 325–336.
Sen Gupta, B. K., 1999a. Introduction to modern foraminifera.
In Sen Gupta, B. K. (ed.), Modern Foraminifera. London:
Kluwer, pp. 3–6.
Sen Gupta, B. K., 1999b. Systematics of modern foraminifera.
In Sen Gupta, B. K. (ed.), Modern Foraminifera. London:
Kluwer, pp. 7–36.
Shackleton, N. J., 1987. Oxygen isotopes, ice volume and sea level.
Quaternary Science Reviews, 6, 183–190.
Shackleton, N. J., Imbrie, J., Pisias, N. G., and Rose, J., 1988. The
evolution of oceanic oxygen-isotope variability in the North
Atlantic over the past three million years. The Royal Society Publishing, 318, 679–688.
Stouff, V., Debenay, J.-P., and Lesourd, M., 1999. Origin of double
and multiple tests in benthic foraminifera: observations in laboratory cultures. Marine Micropaleontology, 36, 189–204.
Thomsen, E., and Rasmussen, T. L., 2008. Coccolith-agglutinating
foraminifera from the early Cretaceous and how they constructed
their tests. Journal Foraminiferal Research, 38, 193–214.
Cross-references
Biochronology, Biostratigraphy
Carbonate Dissolution
Calcite Compensation Depth (CCD)
Foraminifers (Planktonic)
Glacial-marine Sedimentation
Marine Microfossils
Mg/Ca Paleothermometry
Oxygen Isotopes
Paleoceanographic Proxies
Paleoceanography
FORAMINIFERS (PLANKTONIC)
Demetrio Boltovskoy
1 and Nancy Correa
2
1
Institute of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution of Buenos
Aires (IEGEBA), University of Buenos Aires –
CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
2
Department of the Argentine Naval Hydrographic
Service (Ministry of Defence), and School of Marine
Sciences (Marine Institute), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Synonyms
Planktic foraminifers; Planktonic foraminifera; Planktonic
foraminifers
Definition
Planktonic foraminifers (from the Latin “foramen,” hole
or orifice, and “ferre,” to bear) are exclusively marine,
open-ocean, single-celled, eukaryotic protists that secrete
a multichambered calcitic shell. The group comprises
45–50 living morphospecies, but the actual number of
genetically different forms is probably much higher. They
inhabit all latitudes, chiefly above 100 m water depth.
Planktonic foraminifers are very important in the biogeochemistry of calcite in the oceans. Their rich fossil record
FORAMINIFERS (PLANKTONIC)
255
World Foraminifera Database. Accessed through: Hayward, B.
W., Cedhagen, T., Kaminski, M., and Gross, O. (2015) World
Foraminifera Database at http://www.marinespecies.org/foraminifera/aphia.php?p¼taxdetails&id¼114000. 02 May 2015.
Horton, B., Edwards, R. J., and Lloyd, J. M., 1999. UK intertidal
foraminiferal distributions: implications for sea-level studies.
Marine Micropaleontology, 36, 205–223.
Kristjansdottir, G. B., Lea, D. W., Jennings, A. E., Pak, D. K., and
Belanger, C., 2007. New spatial Mg/Ca-temperature calibrations
for three Arctic, benthic foraminifera and reconstruction of north
Iceland shelf temperature for the past 4000 years. Geochemistry,
Geophysics, Geosystems, 8, 1–27.
Kuhnt, W., Hess, S., Holbourn, A., Paulsen, H., and Salomon, B.,
2005. The impact of the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption on deepsea foraminiferal communities: a model for the CretaceousTertiary (K/T) boundary? Palaeogegraphy, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology, 224, 83–107.
Lea, D. W., 1999. Trace elements in foraminiferal calcite. In Sen
Gupta, B. K. (ed.), Modern Foraminifera. London: Kluwer,
pp. 259–277.
Loeblich, A. R., and Tappan, H., Jr., 1988. Foraminiferal Genera
and Their Classification. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Martin, P. A., Lea, D. W., Rosenthal, Y., Shackleton, N. J.,
Sarnthein, M., and Papenfuss, T., 2002. Quaternary deep
sea
temperature
histories
derived
from
benthic
foraminiferal Mg/Ca. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,
198, 193–209.
Mikhalevich, V. I., 2013. New insight into the systematics and evolution of the foraminifera. Micropaleontology, 59, 493–527.
Mix, A. C., and Ruddiman, W. F., 1984. Oxygen-isotope analyses
and Pleistocene ice volumes. Quaternary Science, 21, 1–20.
Murray, J. W., 1979. British Nearshore Foraminiferids. London:
Academic.
Murray, J. W., 1991. Ecology and Palaeoecology of Benthic Foraminifera. Harlow: Longman.
Murray, J. W., 2006. Ecology and Applications of Benthic Foraminifera. New York: Cambridge.
Pawlowski, J., 2012. Foraminifera. In Schaechter, M. (ed.), Eukaryotic Microbes. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Pawlowski, J., Holzmann, M., Berney, C., Fahrni, J., Gooday, A. J.,
Cedhagen, T., Habura, A., and Bowser, S. S., 2003. The evolution of early foraminifera. Proceeding of the National Academy
of Science of the USA, 100, 11494–11498.
Pawlowski, J., Holzmann, M., and Tyszka, J., 2013. New
supraordinal classification of foraminifera: molecules meet morphology. Marine Micropaleontology, 100, 1–10.
Pawlowski, J., Lejzerowicz, F., and Esling, P., 2014. NextGeneration
environmental
diversity
surveys
of
foraminifera > preparing the future. Biological Bulletin, 227,
93–106.
Polovodova, I., and Schönfeld, J., 2008. Foraminiferal test abnormalities in the western Baltic Sea. Journal of Foraminiferal
Research, 38, 318–336.
Ravelo, A. Ch., and Hillaire-Marcel, C., 2007. The use of oxygen
and carbon isotopes of foraminifera in Paleoceanography. In
Hillaire–Marcel, C., and De Vernal, A. (eds.), Developments in
Marine Geology. London: Elsevier, Vol. 1, pp. 735–760.
Rohling, E. J., and Cooke, S., 1999. Stable oxygen and carbon isotopes in foraminiferal carbonate shells. In Sen Gupta, B. K. (ed.),
Modern Foraminifera. London: Kluwer, pp. 239–258.
Schönfeld, J., Alve, E., Geslin, E., Jorissen, F., Korsun, S.,
Spezzaferri, S., and Members of the FOBIMO Group, 2012.
Marine Micropaleontology, 94–95, 1–13.
Schröder, C.J., 1988. Subsurface preservation of agglutinated foraminifera in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Abhandlungen der
Geologischen Bundesanstalt-A, 41, 325–336.
Sen Gupta, B. K., 1999a. Introduction to modern foraminifera.
In Sen Gupta, B. K. (ed.), Modern Foraminifera. London:
Kluwer, pp. 3–6.
Sen Gupta, B. K., 1999b. Systematics of modern foraminifera.
In Sen Gupta, B. K. (ed.), Modern Foraminifera. London:
Kluwer, pp. 7–36.
Shackleton, N. J., 1987. Oxygen isotopes, ice volume and sea level.
Quaternary Science Reviews, 6, 183–190.
Shackleton, N. J., Imbrie, J., Pisias, N. G., and Rose, J., 1988. The
evolution of oceanic oxygen-isotope variability in the North
Atlantic over the past three million years. The Royal Society Publishing, 318, 679–688.
Stouff, V., Debenay, J.-P., and Lesourd, M., 1999. Origin of double
and multiple tests in benthic foraminifera: observations in laboratory cultures. Marine Micropaleontology, 36, 189–204.
Thomsen, E., and Rasmussen, T. L., 2008. Coccolith-agglutinating
foraminifera from the early Cretaceous and how they constructed
their tests. Journal Foraminiferal Research, 38, 193–214.
Cross-references
Biochronology, Biostratigraphy
Carbonate Dissolution
Calcite Compensation Depth (CCD)
Foraminifers (Planktonic)
Glacial-marine Sedimentation
Marine Microfossils
Mg/Ca Paleothermometry
Oxygen Isotopes
Paleoceanographic Proxies
Paleoceanography
FORAMINIFERS (PLANKTONIC)
Demetrio Boltovskoy
1 and Nancy Correa
2
1
Institute of Ecology, Genetics and Evolution of Buenos
Aires (IEGEBA), University of Buenos Aires –
CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
2
Department of the Argentine Naval Hydrographic
Service (Ministry of Defence), and School of Marine
Sciences (Marine Institute), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Synonyms
Planktic foraminifers; Planktonic foraminifera; Planktonic
foraminifers
Definition
Planktonic foraminifers (from the Latin “foramen,” hole
or orifice, and “ferre,” to bear) are exclusively marine,
open-ocean, single-celled, eukaryotic protists that secrete
a multichambered calcitic shell. The group comprises
45–50 living morphospecies, but the actual number of
genetically different forms is probably much higher. They
inhabit all latitudes, chiefly above 100 m water depth.
Planktonic foraminifers are very important in the biogeochemistry of calcite in the oceans. Their rich fossil record
FORAMINIFERS (PLANKTONIC)
255