processes occurring there (Wolanski and McLusky, 2012).
The nowadays research is based on the joint applications
of field measurements and advanced numerical models.
It is expected that gained knowledge will prevent the deterioration of the estuarine natural environments and preserve them as biodiverse-rich and healthy marine
ecosystems for future generations.
Bibliography
Bowden, K. F., 1967. Circulation and diffusion. In Lauff, G. H.
(ed.), Estuaries. Washington: American Association for the
Advancement of Science, Vol. 83, pp. 15–36.
Burchard, H., and Baumert, H., 1998. The formation of estuarine
turbidity maxima due to density effects in the salt wedge.
A hydrodynamic process study. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 28, 209–321.
Burchard, H., and Hetland, R. D., 2010. Quantifying the contribution of tidal straining and gravitational circulation to residual circulation in periodically stratified tidal estuaries. Journal of
Physical Oceanography, 40, 1243–1262.
Burchard, H., Bolding, K., and Villarreal, M. R., 2004. Threedimensional modelling of estuarine turbidity maxima in a tidal
estuary. Ocean Dynamics, 54, 250–265.
Burchard, H., Hetland, R. D., Schulz, E., and Schuttelaars, H. M.,
2011. Drivers of residual estuarine circulation in tidally energetic
estuaries: straight and irrotational channels with parabolic cross
section. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 41, 548–570.
Cameron, W. M., and Pritchard, D. W., 1963. Estuaries. In Hill,
M. N. (ed.), The Sea. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Vol.
2, pp. 306–324.
Chant, R. J., 2010. Estuarine secondary circulation. In ValleLevinson, A. (ed.), Contemporary Issues in Estuarine Physics.
New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100–124.
Geyer, W. R., 2010. Estuarine salinity structure and circulation. In
Valle-Levinson, A. (ed.), Contemporary Issues in Estuarine
Physics. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 12–26.
Geyer, W. R., and MacCready, P., 2014. The estuarine circulation.
Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 46, 175–197.
Hansen, D. V., and Rattray, M., 1965. Gravitational circulation in
straits and estuaries. Journal of Marine Systems, 23, 104–122.
Hellweger, F. L., Blumberg, A. F., Schlosser, P., Ho, D. T., Caplow,
T., Lall, U., and Li, H. H., 2004. Transport in the Hudson estuary:
a modeling study of estuarine circulation and tidal trapping.
Estuaries, 27, 527–538.
Hetzel, Y., Pattiaratchi, C., and Lowe, R. J., 2013. Intermittent dense
water outflows under variable tidal forcing in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Continental Shelf Research, 66, 36–48.
Holtermann, P. L., Burchard, H., Gräwe, U., Klingbeil, K., and
Umlauf, L., 2014. Deep-water dynamics and boundary mixing
in a nontidal stratified basin: a modeling study of the Baltic
Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research, Oceans, 119,
1465–1487.
Ketchum, B. H., 1951. The exchanges of fresh and salt waters in
tidal estuaries. Journal of Marine Research, 10, 18–38.
Kjerfve, B., 1989. Estuarine geomorphology and physical oceanography. In Day, J. W., Jr., Hall, C. A. S., Kemp, W. M., and YáñezArancibia, A. (eds.), Estuarine Ecology. New York: John Wiley
& Sons, pp. 47–78.
Kowalewska-Kalkowska, H., and Kowalewski, M., 2006. Hydrological forecasting in the Order estuary using a threedimensional hydrodynamic model. Hydrobiologia, 554, 47–55.
Lerczak, J. A., and Geyer, W. R., 2004. Modeling the lateral circulation in strait, stratified estuaries. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34, 1410–1428.
MacCready, P., and Geyer, W. R., 2010. Advances in estuarine
physics. Annual Review of Marine Science, 2, 35–58.
Mitchell, S. B., West, J. R., Arundale, A. M. W., Guymer, I., and
Couperthwaites, J. S., 1998. Dynamics of the turbidity maxima
in the upper Humber estuary system, UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 37, 190–205.
Pritchard, D. W., 1952. Estuarine hydrography. Advances in Geophysics, 1, 243–280.
Pritchard, D. W., 1967. What is an estuary: physical viewpoint. In
Lauff, G. H. (ed.), Estuaries. Washington: American Association
for the Advancement of Science, Vol. 83, pp. 3–5.
Pritchard, D. W., 1989. Estuarine classification – a help or a hindrance. In Neilson, B. J., Kuo, A., and Brubaker, J. (eds.), Estuarine Circulation. Clifton: Humana Press, pp. 1–38.
Schmalz, R. A., Jr., 2009. Comparison of the Princeton Ocean
Model and the Regional Ocean Modeling System hindcasts in
the Delaware River and Bay. In Starrett, S. (ed.), Proceedings
of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009:
Great Rivers. Reston, Va: American Society of Civil Engineers,
pp. 1–15.
Scully, M. E., Geyer, W. R., and Lerczak, J. A., 2009. The influence
of lateral advection on the residual estuarine circulation: a
numerical modeling study of the Hudson River estuary. Journal
of Physical Oceanography, 39, 107–124.
Stommel, H., 1951. Recent Developments in the Study of Tidal Estuaries. Technical report, Woods Hole: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Ref. No. 51–33, pp. 1–18.
Stommel, H., and Farmer, H. G., 1952. On the Nature of Estuarine
Circulation. Technical report, Woods Hole: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Ref. No. 52–51, pp. 1–172.
Valle-Levinson, A., 2010. Definition and classification of estuaries.
In Valle-Levinson, A. (ed.), Contemporary Issues in Estuarine
Physics. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–11.
Valle-Levinson, A., Delgado, J. A., and Atkinson, L. P., 2001.
Reversing water exchange patterns at the entrance to a semiarid
coastal lagoon. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 53,
825–838.
Wolanski, E., 1986. An evaporation-driven salinity maximum zone
in Australian tropical estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 22, 415–424.
Wolanski, E., and McLusky, D. (eds.), 2012. Treatise on Estuarine
and Coastal Science. London: Academic.
Cross-references
Currents
Deltas
Geohazards: Coastal Disasters
Lagoons
Sea-Level
EUSTASY
Reinhard Dietrich
Institute of Planetary Geodesy, Technical University of
Dresden, Dresden, Germany
A volume change of the global ocean divided by the area
of the global ocean is called eustatic effect. The eustatic
effect is one number representing the average value of
global sea-level change (Pugh, 1987, p. 460; Emery and
238
EUSTASY
The nowadays research is based on the joint applications
of field measurements and advanced numerical models.
It is expected that gained knowledge will prevent the deterioration of the estuarine natural environments and preserve them as biodiverse-rich and healthy marine
ecosystems for future generations.
Bibliography
Bowden, K. F., 1967. Circulation and diffusion. In Lauff, G. H.
(ed.), Estuaries. Washington: American Association for the
Advancement of Science, Vol. 83, pp. 15–36.
Burchard, H., and Baumert, H., 1998. The formation of estuarine
turbidity maxima due to density effects in the salt wedge.
A hydrodynamic process study. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 28, 209–321.
Burchard, H., and Hetland, R. D., 2010. Quantifying the contribution of tidal straining and gravitational circulation to residual circulation in periodically stratified tidal estuaries. Journal of
Physical Oceanography, 40, 1243–1262.
Burchard, H., Bolding, K., and Villarreal, M. R., 2004. Threedimensional modelling of estuarine turbidity maxima in a tidal
estuary. Ocean Dynamics, 54, 250–265.
Burchard, H., Hetland, R. D., Schulz, E., and Schuttelaars, H. M.,
2011. Drivers of residual estuarine circulation in tidally energetic
estuaries: straight and irrotational channels with parabolic cross
section. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 41, 548–570.
Cameron, W. M., and Pritchard, D. W., 1963. Estuaries. In Hill,
M. N. (ed.), The Sea. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Vol.
2, pp. 306–324.
Chant, R. J., 2010. Estuarine secondary circulation. In ValleLevinson, A. (ed.), Contemporary Issues in Estuarine Physics.
New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 100–124.
Geyer, W. R., 2010. Estuarine salinity structure and circulation. In
Valle-Levinson, A. (ed.), Contemporary Issues in Estuarine
Physics. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 12–26.
Geyer, W. R., and MacCready, P., 2014. The estuarine circulation.
Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 46, 175–197.
Hansen, D. V., and Rattray, M., 1965. Gravitational circulation in
straits and estuaries. Journal of Marine Systems, 23, 104–122.
Hellweger, F. L., Blumberg, A. F., Schlosser, P., Ho, D. T., Caplow,
T., Lall, U., and Li, H. H., 2004. Transport in the Hudson estuary:
a modeling study of estuarine circulation and tidal trapping.
Estuaries, 27, 527–538.
Hetzel, Y., Pattiaratchi, C., and Lowe, R. J., 2013. Intermittent dense
water outflows under variable tidal forcing in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Continental Shelf Research, 66, 36–48.
Holtermann, P. L., Burchard, H., Gräwe, U., Klingbeil, K., and
Umlauf, L., 2014. Deep-water dynamics and boundary mixing
in a nontidal stratified basin: a modeling study of the Baltic
Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research, Oceans, 119,
1465–1487.
Ketchum, B. H., 1951. The exchanges of fresh and salt waters in
tidal estuaries. Journal of Marine Research, 10, 18–38.
Kjerfve, B., 1989. Estuarine geomorphology and physical oceanography. In Day, J. W., Jr., Hall, C. A. S., Kemp, W. M., and YáñezArancibia, A. (eds.), Estuarine Ecology. New York: John Wiley
& Sons, pp. 47–78.
Kowalewska-Kalkowska, H., and Kowalewski, M., 2006. Hydrological forecasting in the Order estuary using a threedimensional hydrodynamic model. Hydrobiologia, 554, 47–55.
Lerczak, J. A., and Geyer, W. R., 2004. Modeling the lateral circulation in strait, stratified estuaries. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34, 1410–1428.
MacCready, P., and Geyer, W. R., 2010. Advances in estuarine
physics. Annual Review of Marine Science, 2, 35–58.
Mitchell, S. B., West, J. R., Arundale, A. M. W., Guymer, I., and
Couperthwaites, J. S., 1998. Dynamics of the turbidity maxima
in the upper Humber estuary system, UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 37, 190–205.
Pritchard, D. W., 1952. Estuarine hydrography. Advances in Geophysics, 1, 243–280.
Pritchard, D. W., 1967. What is an estuary: physical viewpoint. In
Lauff, G. H. (ed.), Estuaries. Washington: American Association
for the Advancement of Science, Vol. 83, pp. 3–5.
Pritchard, D. W., 1989. Estuarine classification – a help or a hindrance. In Neilson, B. J., Kuo, A., and Brubaker, J. (eds.), Estuarine Circulation. Clifton: Humana Press, pp. 1–38.
Schmalz, R. A., Jr., 2009. Comparison of the Princeton Ocean
Model and the Regional Ocean Modeling System hindcasts in
the Delaware River and Bay. In Starrett, S. (ed.), Proceedings
of World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009:
Great Rivers. Reston, Va: American Society of Civil Engineers,
pp. 1–15.
Scully, M. E., Geyer, W. R., and Lerczak, J. A., 2009. The influence
of lateral advection on the residual estuarine circulation: a
numerical modeling study of the Hudson River estuary. Journal
of Physical Oceanography, 39, 107–124.
Stommel, H., 1951. Recent Developments in the Study of Tidal Estuaries. Technical report, Woods Hole: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Ref. No. 51–33, pp. 1–18.
Stommel, H., and Farmer, H. G., 1952. On the Nature of Estuarine
Circulation. Technical report, Woods Hole: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Ref. No. 52–51, pp. 1–172.
Valle-Levinson, A., 2010. Definition and classification of estuaries.
In Valle-Levinson, A. (ed.), Contemporary Issues in Estuarine
Physics. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–11.
Valle-Levinson, A., Delgado, J. A., and Atkinson, L. P., 2001.
Reversing water exchange patterns at the entrance to a semiarid
coastal lagoon. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 53,
825–838.
Wolanski, E., 1986. An evaporation-driven salinity maximum zone
in Australian tropical estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 22, 415–424.
Wolanski, E., and McLusky, D. (eds.), 2012. Treatise on Estuarine
and Coastal Science. London: Academic.
Cross-references
Currents
Deltas
Geohazards: Coastal Disasters
Lagoons
Sea-Level
EUSTASY
Reinhard Dietrich
Institute of Planetary Geodesy, Technical University of
Dresden, Dresden, Germany
A volume change of the global ocean divided by the area
of the global ocean is called eustatic effect. The eustatic
effect is one number representing the average value of
global sea-level change (Pugh, 1987, p. 460; Emery and
238
EUSTASY