paleoceanographic, and climatic studies. Their high sensitivity to surface ocean conditions makes them invaluable
especially for the quantitative reconstructions of SST,
sea ice, sea-ice margin, distribution of surface water
masses, variability of the surface currents, and ocean–
atmosphere interactions. Although quantitative reconstructions are the topical methods, highly valuable
environmental data can be extracted from the diatom stratigraphic data as the statistical errors are always minimized
in the qualitative data.
The diatom research has progressively concentrated on
high-resolution studies and reconstructions providing the
most useful data for the climate research; the numerical
SST reconstructions are routinely archived into the scientific databases (e.g., NOAA) with open access to the scientific community. In extending the record of climate
variability beyond the era of instrumental measurements,
diatom records help to infer information about the mechanisms, forcing factors, and spatial and temporal ranges of
climate variations.
Bibliography
Andersen, C., Koç, N., Jennings, A., and Andrews, J. T., 2004.
Nonuniform response to the major surface currents in the Nordic
Seas to insolation forcing: implications for the Holocene climate
variability. Paleoceanography, 19, PA2003, doi:10.1029/
2002PA000873.
Belt, S. T., Massé, G., Rowland, S. J., Poulin, M., Michel, C., and
LeBlanc, B., 2007. A novel chemical fossil of palaeo sea ice:
IP 25 . Organic Geochemistry, 38, 16–27.
Berner, K. S., Koç, N., Divine, D., Godtliebsen, F., and Moros, M.,
2008. A decadal-scale Holocene sea surface temperature record
from the subpolar North Atlantic constructed using diatoms
and statistics and its relation to other climate parameters.
Paleoceanography, 23, PA2210, doi:10.1029/2006PA001339.
Berner, K. S., Koç, N., Godtliebsen, F., and Divine, D., 2011. Holocene climate variability of the Norwegian Atlantic Current during high and low solar insolation forcing. Paleoceanography,
26, PA2220, doi:10.1029/2010PA002002.
Boetius, A., Albrecht, S., Bakker, K., Bienhold, C., et al., 2013.
Export of algal biomass from the melting Arctic sea ice. Science,
339, 1430–1432.
Hofer, D., Raible, C. C., and Stocker, T. F., 2011. Variations of the
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in control and transient simulations of the last millennium. Climate of the Past, 7,
133–150.
Hopkinson, B. M., Dupont, C. L., Allen, A. E., and Morel, M. M.,
2011. Efficiency of the CO 2 -concentrating mechanism of diatoms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108,
3830–3837.
Hutson, W. H., 1980. The Agulhas current during the Late Pleistocene: analysis of modern faunal analogs. Science, 207, 64–66.
Imbrie, J., and Kipp, N. G., 1971. A new micropaleontological
method for quantitative micropaleontology: application to a late
Pleistocene Caribbean core. In Turekian, K. (ed.), Late Cenozoic
Glacial Ages. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 71–181.
Jiang, H., Eiriksson, J., Schultz, M., Knudsen, K.-L., and
Seidenkrantz, M.-S., 2005. Evidence for solar forcing of
sea-surface temperature on the North Icelandic Shelf during the
late Holocene. Geology, 33, 73–76.
Justwan, A., and Koç, N., 2008. A diatom based transfer function
for reconstructing sea ice concentrations in the North
Atlantic. Marine Micropaleontology, 66, 264–278.
Koç, N., and Flower, B., 1998. High-resolution Pleistocene diatom
biostratigraphy and paleoceanography of Site 919 from the
Irminger Basin. In Saunders, A. D., Larsen, H. C., and Wise,
S. W., Jr. (eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,
Scientific Results. College Station: Ocean Drilling Program,
Vol. 152, pp. 209–219.
Koç, N., Jansen, E., and Haflidason, H., 1993. Paleoceanographic
reconstruction of surface ocean conditions in the Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian Seas through the last 14 ka based on diatoms. Quaternary Science Reviews, 12, 115–140.
Koç, N., Hodell, H., Kleiven, D. A., and Labeyrie, L., 1999. Highresolution Pleistocene diatom biostratigraphy of Site 983 and
correlations to isotope stratigraphy. In Jansen, E., Raymo, M.,
and Blum, P. (eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,
Scientific Results. College Station: Ocean Drilling Program, Vol.
162, pp. 51–62.
Koç-Karpuz, N., and Schrader, H., 1990. Surface sediment
diatom distribution and Holocene paleo-temperature
variations in the Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian Seas
through the last 14 ka based on diatoms. Paleoceanography, 5,
557–580.
Luterbacher, J., Xoplaki, E., Dietrich, D., Jones, P. D., Davies, T. D.,
Portis, D., Gonzalez-Rouco, J. F., von Storch, H., Gyalistras, D.,
Casty, C., and Wanner, H., 2002. Extending North Atlantic oscillation reconstructions back to 1500. Atmospheric Science Letters, 2, 114–124.
Malmgren, B. A., and Nordlund, U., 1997. Application of artificial
neural networks to paleoceanographic data. Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 136, 359–373.
Miettinen, A., Koç, N., Hall, I. R., Godtliebsen, F., and Divine, D.,
2011. North Atlantic sea surface temperatures and their relation
to the North Atlantic Oscillation during the last 230 years. Climate Dynamics, 36, 533–543.
Miettinen, A., Divine, D., Koç, N., Godtliebsen, F., and Hall, I. R.,
2012. Multicentennial variability of the sea surface temperature
gradient across the subpolar North Atlantic over the last 2.8
kyr. Journal of Climate, 25, 4205–4219.
Miettinen, A., Koç, N., and Husum, K., 2013. Appearance of the
Pacific diatom Neodenticula seminae in the northern Nordic
Seas – an indication of changes in Arctic sea ice and ocean circulation. Marine Micropaleontology, 99, 2–7.
Miller, K. R., and Chapman, M. R., 2013. Holocene climate variability reflected in diatom-derived sea surface temperature
records from the subpolar North Atlantic. The Holocene, 23,
882–887.
Not, F., Siano, R., Kooistra, W. H. C. F., Simon, N., Vaulot, D., and
Probert, I., 2012. Diversity and ecology of eukaryotic marine
phytoplankton. In Piganeau, G. (ed.), Advances in Botanical
Research, Genomic insights into the Biology of Algae. Amsterdam: Elsevier, Vol. 64, pp. 1–53.
Reid, P. C., Johns, D. G., Edwards, M., Starr, M., Poulin, M., and
Snoeijs, P., 2007. A biological consequence of reducing Arctic
ice cover: arrival of the Pacific diatom Neodenticula seminae
in the North Atlantic for the first time in 800 000 years. Global
Change Biology, 13, 1910–1921.
Round, F. E., Crawford, R. M., and Mann, D. G., 1990. The Diatoms. Biology & Morphology of the Genera. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ter Braak, C. J. F., and Juggins, S., 1993. Weighted averaging partial
least squares regression (WA-PLS): an improved method for
reconstructing environmental variables from species assemblages. Hydrobiologia, 269(270), 485–502.
Wanner, H., Bronnimann, S., Casty, C., Gyalistras, D., Luterbacher,
J., Schmutz, C., Stephenson, D. B., and Xoplaki, E., 2001. North
Atlantic oscillation – concepts and studies. Surveys in Geophysics, 22, 321–382.
188
DIATOMS
especially for the quantitative reconstructions of SST,
sea ice, sea-ice margin, distribution of surface water
masses, variability of the surface currents, and ocean–
atmosphere interactions. Although quantitative reconstructions are the topical methods, highly valuable
environmental data can be extracted from the diatom stratigraphic data as the statistical errors are always minimized
in the qualitative data.
The diatom research has progressively concentrated on
high-resolution studies and reconstructions providing the
most useful data for the climate research; the numerical
SST reconstructions are routinely archived into the scientific databases (e.g., NOAA) with open access to the scientific community. In extending the record of climate
variability beyond the era of instrumental measurements,
diatom records help to infer information about the mechanisms, forcing factors, and spatial and temporal ranges of
climate variations.
Bibliography
Andersen, C., Koç, N., Jennings, A., and Andrews, J. T., 2004.
Nonuniform response to the major surface currents in the Nordic
Seas to insolation forcing: implications for the Holocene climate
variability. Paleoceanography, 19, PA2003, doi:10.1029/
2002PA000873.
Belt, S. T., Massé, G., Rowland, S. J., Poulin, M., Michel, C., and
LeBlanc, B., 2007. A novel chemical fossil of palaeo sea ice:
IP 25 . Organic Geochemistry, 38, 16–27.
Berner, K. S., Koç, N., Divine, D., Godtliebsen, F., and Moros, M.,
2008. A decadal-scale Holocene sea surface temperature record
from the subpolar North Atlantic constructed using diatoms
and statistics and its relation to other climate parameters.
Paleoceanography, 23, PA2210, doi:10.1029/2006PA001339.
Berner, K. S., Koç, N., Godtliebsen, F., and Divine, D., 2011. Holocene climate variability of the Norwegian Atlantic Current during high and low solar insolation forcing. Paleoceanography,
26, PA2220, doi:10.1029/2010PA002002.
Boetius, A., Albrecht, S., Bakker, K., Bienhold, C., et al., 2013.
Export of algal biomass from the melting Arctic sea ice. Science,
339, 1430–1432.
Hofer, D., Raible, C. C., and Stocker, T. F., 2011. Variations of the
Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in control and transient simulations of the last millennium. Climate of the Past, 7,
133–150.
Hopkinson, B. M., Dupont, C. L., Allen, A. E., and Morel, M. M.,
2011. Efficiency of the CO 2 -concentrating mechanism of diatoms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108,
3830–3837.
Hutson, W. H., 1980. The Agulhas current during the Late Pleistocene: analysis of modern faunal analogs. Science, 207, 64–66.
Imbrie, J., and Kipp, N. G., 1971. A new micropaleontological
method for quantitative micropaleontology: application to a late
Pleistocene Caribbean core. In Turekian, K. (ed.), Late Cenozoic
Glacial Ages. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 71–181.
Jiang, H., Eiriksson, J., Schultz, M., Knudsen, K.-L., and
Seidenkrantz, M.-S., 2005. Evidence for solar forcing of
sea-surface temperature on the North Icelandic Shelf during the
late Holocene. Geology, 33, 73–76.
Justwan, A., and Koç, N., 2008. A diatom based transfer function
for reconstructing sea ice concentrations in the North
Atlantic. Marine Micropaleontology, 66, 264–278.
Koç, N., and Flower, B., 1998. High-resolution Pleistocene diatom
biostratigraphy and paleoceanography of Site 919 from the
Irminger Basin. In Saunders, A. D., Larsen, H. C., and Wise,
S. W., Jr. (eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,
Scientific Results. College Station: Ocean Drilling Program,
Vol. 152, pp. 209–219.
Koç, N., Jansen, E., and Haflidason, H., 1993. Paleoceanographic
reconstruction of surface ocean conditions in the Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian Seas through the last 14 ka based on diatoms. Quaternary Science Reviews, 12, 115–140.
Koç, N., Hodell, H., Kleiven, D. A., and Labeyrie, L., 1999. Highresolution Pleistocene diatom biostratigraphy of Site 983 and
correlations to isotope stratigraphy. In Jansen, E., Raymo, M.,
and Blum, P. (eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,
Scientific Results. College Station: Ocean Drilling Program, Vol.
162, pp. 51–62.
Koç-Karpuz, N., and Schrader, H., 1990. Surface sediment
diatom distribution and Holocene paleo-temperature
variations in the Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian Seas
through the last 14 ka based on diatoms. Paleoceanography, 5,
557–580.
Luterbacher, J., Xoplaki, E., Dietrich, D., Jones, P. D., Davies, T. D.,
Portis, D., Gonzalez-Rouco, J. F., von Storch, H., Gyalistras, D.,
Casty, C., and Wanner, H., 2002. Extending North Atlantic oscillation reconstructions back to 1500. Atmospheric Science Letters, 2, 114–124.
Malmgren, B. A., and Nordlund, U., 1997. Application of artificial
neural networks to paleoceanographic data. Palaeogeography,
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 136, 359–373.
Miettinen, A., Koç, N., Hall, I. R., Godtliebsen, F., and Divine, D.,
2011. North Atlantic sea surface temperatures and their relation
to the North Atlantic Oscillation during the last 230 years. Climate Dynamics, 36, 533–543.
Miettinen, A., Divine, D., Koç, N., Godtliebsen, F., and Hall, I. R.,
2012. Multicentennial variability of the sea surface temperature
gradient across the subpolar North Atlantic over the last 2.8
kyr. Journal of Climate, 25, 4205–4219.
Miettinen, A., Koç, N., and Husum, K., 2013. Appearance of the
Pacific diatom Neodenticula seminae in the northern Nordic
Seas – an indication of changes in Arctic sea ice and ocean circulation. Marine Micropaleontology, 99, 2–7.
Miller, K. R., and Chapman, M. R., 2013. Holocene climate variability reflected in diatom-derived sea surface temperature
records from the subpolar North Atlantic. The Holocene, 23,
882–887.
Not, F., Siano, R., Kooistra, W. H. C. F., Simon, N., Vaulot, D., and
Probert, I., 2012. Diversity and ecology of eukaryotic marine
phytoplankton. In Piganeau, G. (ed.), Advances in Botanical
Research, Genomic insights into the Biology of Algae. Amsterdam: Elsevier, Vol. 64, pp. 1–53.
Reid, P. C., Johns, D. G., Edwards, M., Starr, M., Poulin, M., and
Snoeijs, P., 2007. A biological consequence of reducing Arctic
ice cover: arrival of the Pacific diatom Neodenticula seminae
in the North Atlantic for the first time in 800 000 years. Global
Change Biology, 13, 1910–1921.
Round, F. E., Crawford, R. M., and Mann, D. G., 1990. The Diatoms. Biology & Morphology of the Genera. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ter Braak, C. J. F., and Juggins, S., 1993. Weighted averaging partial
least squares regression (WA-PLS): an improved method for
reconstructing environmental variables from species assemblages. Hydrobiologia, 269(270), 485–502.
Wanner, H., Bronnimann, S., Casty, C., Gyalistras, D., Luterbacher,
J., Schmutz, C., Stephenson, D. B., and Xoplaki, E., 2001. North
Atlantic oscillation – concepts and studies. Surveys in Geophysics, 22, 321–382.
188
DIATOMS