particulate matter obtained by sediment-trap experiments, 19972000. Deep Sea Research II, 49, 5595–5625.
Karlin, R., 1980. Sediment sources and clay mineral distributions
off the Oregon coast. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 50,
543–560.
Kelley, D. S., Baross, J. A., and Delaney, J. R., 2002. Volcanoes,
fluids, and life at mid-ocean ridge spreading centers. Annual
Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science, 30, 385–491.
Kennett, J. P., 1982. Marine Geology. Englewood Cliffs: PrenticeHall, p. 813.
Krissek, L. A., 1984. Continental source area contributions to finegrained sediments on the Oregon and Washington continental
slope. Geological Society of London Special Publications, 15,
363–375.
Kyte, F. T., 2002. Tracers of the extraterrestrial component in sediments and inferences for Earth’s accretion history. Geological
Society of America Special Papers, 356, 21–38.
Le, J., and Shackleton, N. J., 1994. Reconstructing
paleoenvironment by transfer function: model evaluation with
simulated data. Marine Micropaleontology, 24, 187–189.
Leinen, M., Cwienk, D., Heath, G. R., Biscaye, P., Kolla, V., Thiede,
J., and Dauphin, J. P., 1986. Distribution of biogenic silica and
quartz in recent deep-sea sediments. Geology, 14, 199–203.
Lipps, J. H., 1993. Fossil Prokaryotes and Protists. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, p. 342.
Lisiecki, L. E., and Raymo, M. E., 2005. A Pliocene-Pleistocene
stack of 57 globally distributed benthic d18O records. Paleoceanography, 20, PA1003.
Lisitzin, A. P., 1972. Sedimentation in the world ocean. SEPM Special Publication, 17, 218.
Lyle, M., 1981. Formation and growth of ferromanganese oxides on
the Nazca Plate. Geological Society of American Memoir, 154,
269–294.
Lyle, M., Heath, G. R., and Robbins, J. M., 1984. Transport and
release of transition elements during early diagenesis: sequential
leaching of sediments from MANOP sites M and H. Part I. pH
5 acetic acid leach. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48,
1705–1715.
Lyle, M., Leinen, M., Owen, R. M., and Rea, D. K., 1987. Late Tertiary history of hydrothermal deposition at the East Pacific Rise,
19
S; correlation to volcano-tectonic events. Geophysical
Research Letters, 14, 595–598.
Lyle, M., Pälike, H., Nishi, H., Raffi, I., Gamage, K., Klaus, A., and
Expedition 320/321 Scientific Party, 2010. The Pacific equatorial age transect, IODP expeditions 320 and 321: building a
50-million-year-long environmental record of the equatorial
Pacific Ocean. Scientific Drilling, 9, 4–15.
Maher, B. A., Prospero, J. M., Mackie, D., Gaiero, D., Hesse, P. P.,
and Balkanski, Y., 2010. Global connections between aeolian
dust, climate and ocean biogeochemistry at the present day and
at the last glacial maximum. Earth-Science Reviews, 99, 61–97.
Mahowald, N., Kohfeld, K., Hansson, M., Balkanski, Y., Harrison,
S. P., Prentice, I. C., Schulz, M., and Rodhe, H., 1999. Dust
sources and deposition during the last glacial maximum and current climate: a comparison of model results with paleodata from
ice cores and marine sediments. Journal of Geophysical
Research, Atmosphere, 104, 15895–15916.
Mahowald, N. M., Muhs, D. R., Levis, S., Rasch, P. J., Yoshioka,
M., Zender, C. S., and Luo, C., 2006. Change in atmospheric
mineral aerosols in response to climate: last glacial period,
preindustrial, modern, and doubled carbon dioxide climates.
Journal of Geophysical Research, Atmosphere, 111, D10202,
p. 22.
Marcantonio, F., Anderson, R. F., Stute, M., Kumar, N.,
Schlosser, P., and Mix, A., 1996. Extraterrestrial 3-He as a tracer
of marine sediment transport and accumulation. Nature, 383,
705–707.
Martin, J. H., 1990. Glacial-interglacial CO2 change: the iron
hypothesis. Paleoceanography, 5(1), 1–13.
Mayer, L. A., 1979. The origin of fine scale acoustic stratigraphy in
deep-sea carbonates. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84,
6177–6184.
Mayer, L. A., Shipley, T. H., and Winterer, E. L., 1986. Equatorial
Pacific seismic reflectors as indicators of global oceanographic
events. Science, 233, 761–764.
McCave, I. N., 2010. Nepheloid layers. In Steele, J. H., Thorpe,
S. A., and Turekian, K. K. (eds.), Marine Ecological Processes:
A Derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. London:
Academic, pp. 1861–1870.
Menard, H. W., 1964. Marine Geology of the Pacific. New York:
McGraw-Hill, p. 271.
Moore, T. C., Jr., Jarrard, R. D., Olivarez Lyle, A., and Lyle, M.,
2008. Eocene biogenic silica accumulation rates at the Pacific
equatorial divergence zone. Paleoceanography, 23, PA2202,
p. 22.
Morford, J. L., and Emerson, S., 1999. The geochemistry of redox
sensitive trace metals in sediments. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 1735–1750.
Mosher, D. C., 2011. Cautionary considerations for geohazard mapping with multibeam sonar: resolution and the need for third and
fourth dimensions. Marine Geophysical Research, 32, 25–35.
Müller, P. J., and Suess, E., 1979. Productivity, sedimentation rate,
and sedimentary organic matter in the oceans -I. Organic carbon
preservation. Deep-Sea Research, 26A, 1347–1362.
Olivarez Lyle, A., and Lyle, M., 2006. Organic carbon and barium
in Eocene sediments: is metabolism the biological feedback that
maintains end-member climates? Paleoceanography, 21, 1–13,
doi:10.1029/2005PA001230.
Olivarez, A. M., Owen, R. M., and Rea, D. K., 1991. Geochemistry
of eolian dust in pacific pelagic sediments: implications for
paleoclimatic interpretations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta, 55, 2147–2158.
Pälike, H., and Expedition 320/321 Shipboard Scientists, 2012.
A Cenozoic record of the equatorial Pacific carbonate compensation depth. Nature, 488, 609–614.
Paytan, A., and Griffith, E. M., 2007. Marine barite: recorder of variations in ocean export productivity. Deep Sea Research II, 54,
687–705.
Pearson, P. N., Ditchfield, P. W., Singano, J., Harcourt-Brown,
K. G., Nicholas, C. J., Olsson, R. K., Shackleton, N. J., and Hall,
M. A., 2001. Warm tropical sea surface temperatures in the late
Cretaceous and Eocene epochs. Nature, 413, 481–487.
Pedersen, T. F., and Calvert, S. E., 1990. Anoxia versus productivity: what controls the formation of organic-carbon-rich sediments and sedimentary rocks? American Association of
Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 74, 454–466.
Ragueneau, O., Tréguer, P., Anderson, R. F., Brzezinski, M. A.,
DeMaster, D. J., Dugdale, R. C., Dymond, J., Fischer, G.,
François, R., Heinze, C., Leynaert, A., Maier-Reimer, E.,
Martin-Jézéquel, V., Nelson, D. M., and Quéguiner, B., 2000.
A review of the Si cycle in the modern ocean; recent progress
and missing gaps in the application of biogenic opal as a
paleoproductivity proxy. Global and Planetary Change, 26,
317–365.
Rea, D. K., 1994. The paleoclimatic record provided by eolian
deposition in the deep sea: the geologic history of wind. Reviews
of Geophysics, 32, 159–195.
Rea, D. K., et al., 2006. Broad region of no sediment in the Southwest Pacific Basin. Geology, 34, 873–876.
Riedel, W. R., 1967. Radiolarian evidence consistent with spreading
of the pacific floor. Science, 157, 540–542.
Ruddiman, W. F., 1972. Sediment redistribution on the Reykjanes
Ridge: seismic evidence. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83, 2039–2062.
170
DEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS
Karlin, R., 1980. Sediment sources and clay mineral distributions
off the Oregon coast. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 50,
543–560.
Kelley, D. S., Baross, J. A., and Delaney, J. R., 2002. Volcanoes,
fluids, and life at mid-ocean ridge spreading centers. Annual
Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science, 30, 385–491.
Kennett, J. P., 1982. Marine Geology. Englewood Cliffs: PrenticeHall, p. 813.
Krissek, L. A., 1984. Continental source area contributions to finegrained sediments on the Oregon and Washington continental
slope. Geological Society of London Special Publications, 15,
363–375.
Kyte, F. T., 2002. Tracers of the extraterrestrial component in sediments and inferences for Earth’s accretion history. Geological
Society of America Special Papers, 356, 21–38.
Le, J., and Shackleton, N. J., 1994. Reconstructing
paleoenvironment by transfer function: model evaluation with
simulated data. Marine Micropaleontology, 24, 187–189.
Leinen, M., Cwienk, D., Heath, G. R., Biscaye, P., Kolla, V., Thiede,
J., and Dauphin, J. P., 1986. Distribution of biogenic silica and
quartz in recent deep-sea sediments. Geology, 14, 199–203.
Lipps, J. H., 1993. Fossil Prokaryotes and Protists. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific, p. 342.
Lisiecki, L. E., and Raymo, M. E., 2005. A Pliocene-Pleistocene
stack of 57 globally distributed benthic d18O records. Paleoceanography, 20, PA1003.
Lisitzin, A. P., 1972. Sedimentation in the world ocean. SEPM Special Publication, 17, 218.
Lyle, M., 1981. Formation and growth of ferromanganese oxides on
the Nazca Plate. Geological Society of American Memoir, 154,
269–294.
Lyle, M., Heath, G. R., and Robbins, J. M., 1984. Transport and
release of transition elements during early diagenesis: sequential
leaching of sediments from MANOP sites M and H. Part I. pH
5 acetic acid leach. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 48,
1705–1715.
Lyle, M., Leinen, M., Owen, R. M., and Rea, D. K., 1987. Late Tertiary history of hydrothermal deposition at the East Pacific Rise,
19
S; correlation to volcano-tectonic events. Geophysical
Research Letters, 14, 595–598.
Lyle, M., Pälike, H., Nishi, H., Raffi, I., Gamage, K., Klaus, A., and
Expedition 320/321 Scientific Party, 2010. The Pacific equatorial age transect, IODP expeditions 320 and 321: building a
50-million-year-long environmental record of the equatorial
Pacific Ocean. Scientific Drilling, 9, 4–15.
Maher, B. A., Prospero, J. M., Mackie, D., Gaiero, D., Hesse, P. P.,
and Balkanski, Y., 2010. Global connections between aeolian
dust, climate and ocean biogeochemistry at the present day and
at the last glacial maximum. Earth-Science Reviews, 99, 61–97.
Mahowald, N., Kohfeld, K., Hansson, M., Balkanski, Y., Harrison,
S. P., Prentice, I. C., Schulz, M., and Rodhe, H., 1999. Dust
sources and deposition during the last glacial maximum and current climate: a comparison of model results with paleodata from
ice cores and marine sediments. Journal of Geophysical
Research, Atmosphere, 104, 15895–15916.
Mahowald, N. M., Muhs, D. R., Levis, S., Rasch, P. J., Yoshioka,
M., Zender, C. S., and Luo, C., 2006. Change in atmospheric
mineral aerosols in response to climate: last glacial period,
preindustrial, modern, and doubled carbon dioxide climates.
Journal of Geophysical Research, Atmosphere, 111, D10202,
p. 22.
Marcantonio, F., Anderson, R. F., Stute, M., Kumar, N.,
Schlosser, P., and Mix, A., 1996. Extraterrestrial 3-He as a tracer
of marine sediment transport and accumulation. Nature, 383,
705–707.
Martin, J. H., 1990. Glacial-interglacial CO2 change: the iron
hypothesis. Paleoceanography, 5(1), 1–13.
Mayer, L. A., 1979. The origin of fine scale acoustic stratigraphy in
deep-sea carbonates. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84,
6177–6184.
Mayer, L. A., Shipley, T. H., and Winterer, E. L., 1986. Equatorial
Pacific seismic reflectors as indicators of global oceanographic
events. Science, 233, 761–764.
McCave, I. N., 2010. Nepheloid layers. In Steele, J. H., Thorpe,
S. A., and Turekian, K. K. (eds.), Marine Ecological Processes:
A Derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. London:
Academic, pp. 1861–1870.
Menard, H. W., 1964. Marine Geology of the Pacific. New York:
McGraw-Hill, p. 271.
Moore, T. C., Jr., Jarrard, R. D., Olivarez Lyle, A., and Lyle, M.,
2008. Eocene biogenic silica accumulation rates at the Pacific
equatorial divergence zone. Paleoceanography, 23, PA2202,
p. 22.
Morford, J. L., and Emerson, S., 1999. The geochemistry of redox
sensitive trace metals in sediments. Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 1735–1750.
Mosher, D. C., 2011. Cautionary considerations for geohazard mapping with multibeam sonar: resolution and the need for third and
fourth dimensions. Marine Geophysical Research, 32, 25–35.
Müller, P. J., and Suess, E., 1979. Productivity, sedimentation rate,
and sedimentary organic matter in the oceans -I. Organic carbon
preservation. Deep-Sea Research, 26A, 1347–1362.
Olivarez Lyle, A., and Lyle, M., 2006. Organic carbon and barium
in Eocene sediments: is metabolism the biological feedback that
maintains end-member climates? Paleoceanography, 21, 1–13,
doi:10.1029/2005PA001230.
Olivarez, A. M., Owen, R. M., and Rea, D. K., 1991. Geochemistry
of eolian dust in pacific pelagic sediments: implications for
paleoclimatic interpretations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta, 55, 2147–2158.
Pälike, H., and Expedition 320/321 Shipboard Scientists, 2012.
A Cenozoic record of the equatorial Pacific carbonate compensation depth. Nature, 488, 609–614.
Paytan, A., and Griffith, E. M., 2007. Marine barite: recorder of variations in ocean export productivity. Deep Sea Research II, 54,
687–705.
Pearson, P. N., Ditchfield, P. W., Singano, J., Harcourt-Brown,
K. G., Nicholas, C. J., Olsson, R. K., Shackleton, N. J., and Hall,
M. A., 2001. Warm tropical sea surface temperatures in the late
Cretaceous and Eocene epochs. Nature, 413, 481–487.
Pedersen, T. F., and Calvert, S. E., 1990. Anoxia versus productivity: what controls the formation of organic-carbon-rich sediments and sedimentary rocks? American Association of
Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 74, 454–466.
Ragueneau, O., Tréguer, P., Anderson, R. F., Brzezinski, M. A.,
DeMaster, D. J., Dugdale, R. C., Dymond, J., Fischer, G.,
François, R., Heinze, C., Leynaert, A., Maier-Reimer, E.,
Martin-Jézéquel, V., Nelson, D. M., and Quéguiner, B., 2000.
A review of the Si cycle in the modern ocean; recent progress
and missing gaps in the application of biogenic opal as a
paleoproductivity proxy. Global and Planetary Change, 26,
317–365.
Rea, D. K., 1994. The paleoclimatic record provided by eolian
deposition in the deep sea: the geologic history of wind. Reviews
of Geophysics, 32, 159–195.
Rea, D. K., et al., 2006. Broad region of no sediment in the Southwest Pacific Basin. Geology, 34, 873–876.
Riedel, W. R., 1967. Radiolarian evidence consistent with spreading
of the pacific floor. Science, 157, 540–542.
Ruddiman, W. F., 1972. Sediment redistribution on the Reykjanes
Ridge: seismic evidence. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83, 2039–2062.
170
DEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS