Keim, L., and Schlager, W., 2001. Quantitative compositional analysis of a Triassic carbonate platform (Southern Alps, Italy). Sedimentary Geology, 139, 261–283.
Kenter, J. A. M., Harris, P. M., and Della Porta, G., 2005. Steep
microbial boundstone-dominated platform margins – examples
and implications. Sedimentary Geology, 178, 5–30.
Lees, A., 1975. Possible influence of salinity and temperatures on
modern shelf carbonate sedimentation. Marine Geology, 19,
159–198.
Lees, A., and Miller, J., 1995. Waulsortian banks. In Monty,
C. L. V., Bosence, D. W. J., Bridges, P. H., Pratt, B. R. (eds.),
Carbonate Mud-Mounds – Their Origin and Evolution. International Association of Sedimentologists, Oxford-London (UK),
pp. 191–271.
Lowenstam, H. A., 1981. Minerals formed by organisms. Science,
211, 1126–1131.
Malone, P. G., and Dodd, J. R., 1967. Temperature and salinity
effects on calcification rate in Mytilus edulis and its paleoecological implicatons. Limnology and Oceanography, 12(3),
432–436.
Mienis, F., Duineveld, G. C. A., Davies, A. J., Ross, S. W., Seim, H.,
Bane, J., and Van Weering, T. C. E., 2012. The influence of nearbed hydrodynamic conditions on cold-water corals in the Viosca
Knoll area, Gulf of Mexico. Deep Sea Research, Part I, 60,
32–45.
Muthiga, N. A., and Szmant, A. M., 1987. The effect of salinity
stress on the rates of aerobic respiration and photosynthesis in
the hermatypic coral Siderastrea Siderea. The Biological Bulletin, 173, 539–551.
Pacton, M., Ariztegui, D., Wacey, D., Kilburn, M. R., Rollion-Bard,
C., Farah, R., and Vasconcelos, C., 2012. Going nano: a new step
toward understanding the processes governing freshwater ooid
formation. Geology, 40, 547–550.
Porter, J. W., Lewis, S. K., and Porter, K. G., 1999. The effect of
multiple stressors on the Florida keys coral reef ecosystem: a
landscape hypothesis and a physiological test. Limnology and
Oceanography, 44(3), 941–949.
Reading, H. G., and Levell, B. K., 1996. Controls on the sedimentary rock record. In Reading, H. G. (ed.), Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy, 3rd edn. Oxford,
UK: Blackwell, pp. 5–52.
Reijmer, J. J. G., Bauch, T., and Schäfer, P., 2012. Carbonate facies
patterns in surface sediments of upwelling and non-upwelling
shelf environments (Panama, East Pacific). Sedimentology,
59(1), 32–56.
Schlager, W., 2000. Sedimentation rates and growth potential of
tropical, cool-water and mud-mound carbonate systems. In
Insalaco, E., Skelton, P. W., and Palmer, T. J. (eds.), Carbonate
Platform Systems: Components and Interactions. London: The
Geological Society, pp. 217–227.
Schlager, W., 2003. Benthic carbonate factories of the
Phanerozoic. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 92, 445–464.
Schlager, W., 2005. Carbonate Sedimentology and Sequence Stratigraphy. Tulsa: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology). SEPM
Concepts in Sedimentology and Paleontology, Vol. 8. 200 pp.
Schlager, W., Reijmer, J. J. G., and Droxler, A. W., 1994. Highstand
shedding of carbonate platforms. Journal of Sedimentary
Research, B64(3), 270–281.
Smith, S. V., and Buddemeier, R. W., 1992. Global change and coral
reef ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 23,
89–118.
Stephens, D. W., 1990. Changes in lake levels, salinity and the biological community of Great Salt Lake (Utah, USA), 1847–1987.
Hydrobiologia, 197, 139–146.
Teichert, C., 1958. Cold- and deep-water coral banks. American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 42(5),
1064–1082.
Thompson, J. B., 2000. Microbial whitings. In Riding, R. E., and
Awramik, S. M. (eds.), Microbial Sediments. Berlin/Heidelberg:
Springer, pp. 250–260.
Tucker, M. E., and Wright, V. P., 1990. Carbonate Sedimentology.
Oxford, UK: Blackwell. 482 pp.
Wendt, J., Belka, Z., Kaufmann, B., Kostrewa, R., and Hayer, J.,
1997. The world’s most spectacular carbonate mud mounds
(Middle Devonian, Algerian Sahara). Journal of Sedimentary
Research, 67(3), 424–436.
Yates, K. K., and Robbins, L. L., 1998. Production of carbonate sediments by a unicellular green alga. American Mineralogist, 83,
1503–1509.
Cross-references
Chemosynthetic Life
Eustasy
Export Production
Foraminifers (Benthic)
Guyot, Atoll
Lagoons
Lithostratigraphy
Marine Sedimentary Basins
Reef Coasts
Reefs (Biogenic)
Sea-Level
Sediment Transport Models
Sedimentary Sequence
Sequence Stratigraphy
CHEMOSYNTHETIC LIFE
Verena Tunnicliffe
Department of Biology and School of Earth & Ocean
Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Synonyms
Chemoautotrophy; Chemolithoautotrophy; Chemosynthesis; Life supported by chemosynthesis
Definition
Chemosynthesis is the process that some microbes use to
transform CO 2 into organic molecules. Energy to fuel this
synthesis is gained from reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions involving inorganic compounds. The process is analogous to photosynthesis. Chemolithoautotrophy is “selffeeding using chemical energy from inorganic sources.”
Chemoautotrophic metabolism
It is very likely that the first microbes on Earth able to fix
carbon dioxide into organic carbon compounds did so
using chemosynthesis (Martin and Russell, 2003).
A major requirement of carbon fixation is energy to
fuel the conversion process inside the cell. In plants and
some microbes, sunlight supplies that energy but other
microbes can capture energy from redox reactions
mediated inside the cell. Most redox reactions that are
key to energy transformation are aerobic using oxygen
(either free or bound in another molecule) as the
84
CHEMOSYNTHETIC LIFE
Kenter, J. A. M., Harris, P. M., and Della Porta, G., 2005. Steep
microbial boundstone-dominated platform margins – examples
and implications. Sedimentary Geology, 178, 5–30.
Lees, A., 1975. Possible influence of salinity and temperatures on
modern shelf carbonate sedimentation. Marine Geology, 19,
159–198.
Lees, A., and Miller, J., 1995. Waulsortian banks. In Monty,
C. L. V., Bosence, D. W. J., Bridges, P. H., Pratt, B. R. (eds.),
Carbonate Mud-Mounds – Their Origin and Evolution. International Association of Sedimentologists, Oxford-London (UK),
pp. 191–271.
Lowenstam, H. A., 1981. Minerals formed by organisms. Science,
211, 1126–1131.
Malone, P. G., and Dodd, J. R., 1967. Temperature and salinity
effects on calcification rate in Mytilus edulis and its paleoecological implicatons. Limnology and Oceanography, 12(3),
432–436.
Mienis, F., Duineveld, G. C. A., Davies, A. J., Ross, S. W., Seim, H.,
Bane, J., and Van Weering, T. C. E., 2012. The influence of nearbed hydrodynamic conditions on cold-water corals in the Viosca
Knoll area, Gulf of Mexico. Deep Sea Research, Part I, 60,
32–45.
Muthiga, N. A., and Szmant, A. M., 1987. The effect of salinity
stress on the rates of aerobic respiration and photosynthesis in
the hermatypic coral Siderastrea Siderea. The Biological Bulletin, 173, 539–551.
Pacton, M., Ariztegui, D., Wacey, D., Kilburn, M. R., Rollion-Bard,
C., Farah, R., and Vasconcelos, C., 2012. Going nano: a new step
toward understanding the processes governing freshwater ooid
formation. Geology, 40, 547–550.
Porter, J. W., Lewis, S. K., and Porter, K. G., 1999. The effect of
multiple stressors on the Florida keys coral reef ecosystem: a
landscape hypothesis and a physiological test. Limnology and
Oceanography, 44(3), 941–949.
Reading, H. G., and Levell, B. K., 1996. Controls on the sedimentary rock record. In Reading, H. G. (ed.), Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy, 3rd edn. Oxford,
UK: Blackwell, pp. 5–52.
Reijmer, J. J. G., Bauch, T., and Schäfer, P., 2012. Carbonate facies
patterns in surface sediments of upwelling and non-upwelling
shelf environments (Panama, East Pacific). Sedimentology,
59(1), 32–56.
Schlager, W., 2000. Sedimentation rates and growth potential of
tropical, cool-water and mud-mound carbonate systems. In
Insalaco, E., Skelton, P. W., and Palmer, T. J. (eds.), Carbonate
Platform Systems: Components and Interactions. London: The
Geological Society, pp. 217–227.
Schlager, W., 2003. Benthic carbonate factories of the
Phanerozoic. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 92, 445–464.
Schlager, W., 2005. Carbonate Sedimentology and Sequence Stratigraphy. Tulsa: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology). SEPM
Concepts in Sedimentology and Paleontology, Vol. 8. 200 pp.
Schlager, W., Reijmer, J. J. G., and Droxler, A. W., 1994. Highstand
shedding of carbonate platforms. Journal of Sedimentary
Research, B64(3), 270–281.
Smith, S. V., and Buddemeier, R. W., 1992. Global change and coral
reef ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 23,
89–118.
Stephens, D. W., 1990. Changes in lake levels, salinity and the biological community of Great Salt Lake (Utah, USA), 1847–1987.
Hydrobiologia, 197, 139–146.
Teichert, C., 1958. Cold- and deep-water coral banks. American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 42(5),
1064–1082.
Thompson, J. B., 2000. Microbial whitings. In Riding, R. E., and
Awramik, S. M. (eds.), Microbial Sediments. Berlin/Heidelberg:
Springer, pp. 250–260.
Tucker, M. E., and Wright, V. P., 1990. Carbonate Sedimentology.
Oxford, UK: Blackwell. 482 pp.
Wendt, J., Belka, Z., Kaufmann, B., Kostrewa, R., and Hayer, J.,
1997. The world’s most spectacular carbonate mud mounds
(Middle Devonian, Algerian Sahara). Journal of Sedimentary
Research, 67(3), 424–436.
Yates, K. K., and Robbins, L. L., 1998. Production of carbonate sediments by a unicellular green alga. American Mineralogist, 83,
1503–1509.
Cross-references
Chemosynthetic Life
Eustasy
Export Production
Foraminifers (Benthic)
Guyot, Atoll
Lagoons
Lithostratigraphy
Marine Sedimentary Basins
Reef Coasts
Reefs (Biogenic)
Sea-Level
Sediment Transport Models
Sedimentary Sequence
Sequence Stratigraphy
CHEMOSYNTHETIC LIFE
Verena Tunnicliffe
Department of Biology and School of Earth & Ocean
Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Synonyms
Chemoautotrophy; Chemolithoautotrophy; Chemosynthesis; Life supported by chemosynthesis
Definition
Chemosynthesis is the process that some microbes use to
transform CO 2 into organic molecules. Energy to fuel this
synthesis is gained from reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions involving inorganic compounds. The process is analogous to photosynthesis. Chemolithoautotrophy is “selffeeding using chemical energy from inorganic sources.”
Chemoautotrophic metabolism
It is very likely that the first microbes on Earth able to fix
carbon dioxide into organic carbon compounds did so
using chemosynthesis (Martin and Russell, 2003).
A major requirement of carbon fixation is energy to
fuel the conversion process inside the cell. In plants and
some microbes, sunlight supplies that energy but other
microbes can capture energy from redox reactions
mediated inside the cell. Most redox reactions that are
key to energy transformation are aerobic using oxygen
(either free or bound in another molecule) as the
84
CHEMOSYNTHETIC LIFE