32
R,H,C. Charlier and Chr. P. De Meyer
This value only reflects the marginal or added costs of protecting against the
effects of a one meter rise in water level over the next 100 years. Costs associated
with basic coastal protection in place or necessary to meet present coastal defense
needs are not included. The estimate does not include either the value of the
unprotected dry land or ecosystems that would be lost, nor does it consider the
costs of responding to salt water intrusion nor the impacts of increase storm
frequency. For Indonesia for instance, the cost for adaptive measures based on a
sea-level rise scenario of one meter in 100 years, would be as follow (in millions
of 1990 US $) :
a)
low coast : (low lying coastal zones, with a population density exceeding I0
per km 2, 26 per sq. mi) : 5,904 for 19,680 km (12,269 mi) of coastline ;
b)
cities : (length of sea defense for coastal cities) : 1, t76 for 98 km (57 mi) ;
c)
harbors : 488 for 27,1 km 2 (10.46 sq. mi) ;
d) beaches : (recreational beaches in a sandy shoreline), 1,080 for 200 km
(124.3 mi).
Total costs per capita : US $ 51.
Annual costs as % of GNP : 0.10 %