6 The Gulf of Finland
221
Myrberg K, Andrejev O (2003) Main upwelling regions in the Baltic Sea—a statistical analysis
based on three-dimensional modelling. Boreal Environ Res 8:97–112
Myrberg K, Andrejev O, Lehmann A (2010a) Dynamic features of successive upwelling events in
the Baltic Sea—a numerical case study. Oceanologia 52:77–99
Myrberg K, Ryabchenko V, Isaev A, Vankevich R, Andrejev O, Bendtsen J, Erichsen A,
Funkquist L, Inkala A, Neelov I, Rasmus K, Rodriguez Medina M, Raudsepp U, Passenko J,
Söderkvist J, Sokolov A, Kuosa H, Anderson TR, Lehmann A, Skogen MD (2010b) Validation
of three-dimensional hydrodynamic models in the Gulf of Finland based on a statistical analysis
of a six-model ensemble. Boreal Environ Res 15:453–479
Nekrasov AV, Lebedeva IK (2002) Estimation of baroclinic Rossby radii in Luga-Koporye region.
BFU Res Bull 4(5):89–93
Neumann G (1941) Eigenschwingungen der Ostsee. Arch Deutchen Seewarte Mar Obs 61:1–59
(in German)
Nikolaev S, Luvsk T (1975) Spatial variability of characteristics of large-scale turbulence and
mixing in the Baltic Sea. Izv, Fiz Atmos Okean 11:86–869 (in Russian)
Niros A, Vihma T, Launiainen J (2002) Marine meteorological conditions and air–sea exchange
processes over the northern Baltic Sea in 1990s. Geophysica 38:59–87
Omstedt A, Meuller L, Nyberg L (1997) Interannual, seasonal and regional variations of precipitation and evaporation in the Baltic Sea. Ambio 26(8):484–492
Omstedt A, Axell LB (2003) Modeling the variations of salinity and temperature in the large Gulfs
of the Baltic Sea. Cont Shelf Res 23:265–294
Palmén E (1930) Untersuchungen über die Strömungen in den Finnland umgebenden Meeren.
Commentationes physico-mathematicae, vol 12. Societas Scientarium Fennica, Helsinki (in
German)
Pavelson J (2005) Mesoscale physical processes and related impact on the summer nutrient fields
and phytoplankton blooms in the western Gulf of Finland. PhD Thesis, Tallinn University of
Technology, Estonia
Pavelson J, Laanemets J, Kononen K, Nõmmann S (1997) Quasi-permanent density front at the
entrance to the Gulf of Finland: response to wind forcing. Cont Shelf Res 17:253–265
Pitkänen H, Tamminen T, Kangas P, Huttula T, Kivi K, Kuosa H, Sarkkula J, Eloheimo K, Kauppila P, Skakalsky B (1993) Late summer trophic conditions in the north-eastern Gulf of Finland
and the river Neva estuary, Baltic Sea. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 37:453–474
Raudsepp U (1998) Current dynamics of estuarine circulation in the lateral boundary layer. Estuar
Coast Shelf Sci 47:715–730
Reissmann J, Burchard H, Feistel R, Hagen E, Lass HU, Mohrholz V, Nausch G, Umlauf L, Wieczorek G (2009) State-of-the-art review on vertical mixing in the Baltic Sea and consequences
for eutrophication. Prog Oceanogr 82:47–80
Sarkkula J (1989) Measuring and modeling flow and water quality in Finland. Vituki monographies, vol 49. Water Resources Research Centre, Budapest, 39 pp
Sarkkula J (1991) Measuring and modeling water currents and quality as a part of decision making
for water pollution control. PhD thesis, Tartu University, Estonia
Sarkisyan AS, Sta´ skiewicz A, Kowalik Z (1975) Diagnostic calculations of summer circulation in
the Baltic Sea. Okeanologiya 15:1002–1009 (in Russian)
Savijärvi H, Niemela S, Tisler P (2005) Coastal winds and low-level jets: simulations for sea gulfs.
Q J R Meteorol Soc B 131:625–637
Schmager G, Fröhle P, Schräder D, Weisse R, Müller-Navarra S (2008) Sea state, tides. In: Feistel R, Nausch G, Wasmund N (eds) State and evolution of the Baltic Sea 1952–2005. Wiley,
Hoboken, pp 143–198
Seinä A, Palosuo E (1993) The classification of the maximum annual extent of ice cover in the
Baltic Sea 1720–1992. MERI 20:5–20
Smelov NF, Fomichev BA, Chernov VM (1985) Turbulence of waters in the Neva Bight below the
ice. Collect Works Leningr Hydrometeorol Obs 2(15) (in Russian)
SMHI and FIMR (1982) An ice atlas for the Baltic Sea, Kattegat, Skagerrak and Lake Vänern.
Norrköping, Sjöfartsverket
221
Myrberg K, Andrejev O (2003) Main upwelling regions in the Baltic Sea—a statistical analysis
based on three-dimensional modelling. Boreal Environ Res 8:97–112
Myrberg K, Andrejev O, Lehmann A (2010a) Dynamic features of successive upwelling events in
the Baltic Sea—a numerical case study. Oceanologia 52:77–99
Myrberg K, Ryabchenko V, Isaev A, Vankevich R, Andrejev O, Bendtsen J, Erichsen A,
Funkquist L, Inkala A, Neelov I, Rasmus K, Rodriguez Medina M, Raudsepp U, Passenko J,
Söderkvist J, Sokolov A, Kuosa H, Anderson TR, Lehmann A, Skogen MD (2010b) Validation
of three-dimensional hydrodynamic models in the Gulf of Finland based on a statistical analysis
of a six-model ensemble. Boreal Environ Res 15:453–479
Nekrasov AV, Lebedeva IK (2002) Estimation of baroclinic Rossby radii in Luga-Koporye region.
BFU Res Bull 4(5):89–93
Neumann G (1941) Eigenschwingungen der Ostsee. Arch Deutchen Seewarte Mar Obs 61:1–59
(in German)
Nikolaev S, Luvsk T (1975) Spatial variability of characteristics of large-scale turbulence and
mixing in the Baltic Sea. Izv, Fiz Atmos Okean 11:86–869 (in Russian)
Niros A, Vihma T, Launiainen J (2002) Marine meteorological conditions and air–sea exchange
processes over the northern Baltic Sea in 1990s. Geophysica 38:59–87
Omstedt A, Meuller L, Nyberg L (1997) Interannual, seasonal and regional variations of precipitation and evaporation in the Baltic Sea. Ambio 26(8):484–492
Omstedt A, Axell LB (2003) Modeling the variations of salinity and temperature in the large Gulfs
of the Baltic Sea. Cont Shelf Res 23:265–294
Palmén E (1930) Untersuchungen über die Strömungen in den Finnland umgebenden Meeren.
Commentationes physico-mathematicae, vol 12. Societas Scientarium Fennica, Helsinki (in
German)
Pavelson J (2005) Mesoscale physical processes and related impact on the summer nutrient fields
and phytoplankton blooms in the western Gulf of Finland. PhD Thesis, Tallinn University of
Technology, Estonia
Pavelson J, Laanemets J, Kononen K, Nõmmann S (1997) Quasi-permanent density front at the
entrance to the Gulf of Finland: response to wind forcing. Cont Shelf Res 17:253–265
Pitkänen H, Tamminen T, Kangas P, Huttula T, Kivi K, Kuosa H, Sarkkula J, Eloheimo K, Kauppila P, Skakalsky B (1993) Late summer trophic conditions in the north-eastern Gulf of Finland
and the river Neva estuary, Baltic Sea. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 37:453–474
Raudsepp U (1998) Current dynamics of estuarine circulation in the lateral boundary layer. Estuar
Coast Shelf Sci 47:715–730
Reissmann J, Burchard H, Feistel R, Hagen E, Lass HU, Mohrholz V, Nausch G, Umlauf L, Wieczorek G (2009) State-of-the-art review on vertical mixing in the Baltic Sea and consequences
for eutrophication. Prog Oceanogr 82:47–80
Sarkkula J (1989) Measuring and modeling flow and water quality in Finland. Vituki monographies, vol 49. Water Resources Research Centre, Budapest, 39 pp
Sarkkula J (1991) Measuring and modeling water currents and quality as a part of decision making
for water pollution control. PhD thesis, Tartu University, Estonia
Sarkisyan AS, Sta´ skiewicz A, Kowalik Z (1975) Diagnostic calculations of summer circulation in
the Baltic Sea. Okeanologiya 15:1002–1009 (in Russian)
Savijärvi H, Niemela S, Tisler P (2005) Coastal winds and low-level jets: simulations for sea gulfs.
Q J R Meteorol Soc B 131:625–637
Schmager G, Fröhle P, Schräder D, Weisse R, Müller-Navarra S (2008) Sea state, tides. In: Feistel R, Nausch G, Wasmund N (eds) State and evolution of the Baltic Sea 1952–2005. Wiley,
Hoboken, pp 143–198
Seinä A, Palosuo E (1993) The classification of the maximum annual extent of ice cover in the
Baltic Sea 1720–1992. MERI 20:5–20
Smelov NF, Fomichev BA, Chernov VM (1985) Turbulence of waters in the Neva Bight below the
ice. Collect Works Leningr Hydrometeorol Obs 2(15) (in Russian)
SMHI and FIMR (1982) An ice atlas for the Baltic Sea, Kattegat, Skagerrak and Lake Vänern.
Norrköping, Sjöfartsverket