74
J. van der Weide . L. de Vrees
population change
I policy public opi nion I I
socio-cultural factors I I macroeconomk change
11
.§
~!
~
~ II
e
E ~
~
.2'
J!!t;;
E
sectoral change
I
I
I
I
I
I
housing
I services I I industry I I energy I I agriculture I I transport I underlying
I
I
I
I
I
I
pressure
!
+
~
proximate
I land use change I
resource use
I
waste emissions
I
pressure
I
land
water
impact by
habitat contamination
freshwater
estuary
marine
air
noise
receiving
chanQe and dereliction surface groundwatet
media
carried.
J
[1
0
productf.
[1
:J
regulation
"$.O.E.
information
:J
indicators"
use value
health
.1
)
II
U
structures
impact by
forests
effect
crops
re< reation
Ll
U
"effect
ecosystems
l
Ll
LJ
J
indicators"
non use
LJ
values
I
I
. .
. .
I individua l response I
government response
business response I
response
I
A
+
+ +
+
public opinion
avertive expense regulation
fiscal
/\ /\ /\ /\
expenditure audit
surveys NGOs
expenditure instruments
surveys NGOs
domestic international
Fig. 4.2. Pressure state response diagram as applied by OEeD
environment is described by means of relevant indicators, subsequent changes in these
state indicators are converted into effect indicators, showing the effect on the natural
and socio-economic system.
The lower part of the diagram shown schematically how individual, governmental
bodies and industries can respond to these chan$es in order to mitigate adverse effects.