CHAPTER 4 . Methods and Tools to Support eZM
73
In Latvia, another approach is used. Although the initiative for an integrated view
on the coastal zone came from national level, the consultative process has been organized by local authorities. Five consultative bodies have been erected, with representatives of the different sectors. One national working group links the local plans to the
national policies, procedures and legislation.
In China, the local authorities in the Yellow River Delta took the initiative to start
the process of integrated management in the delta. But, having a strong central planning system with five year plans, it is essential that provincial and national authorities
get involved and that links are made to these national planning strategies. In this project,
a seminar was organized at the beginning of the process whereby all relevant authorities were invited. This led to the establishment of a Provincial Steering Group. Public
hearings and consultation are not known phenomena in China. Therefore, representatives of stakeholders like the oil company and the nature reserve were especially invited to join the integrated process.
4.4
The Integration of Social, Economic and Environmental Aspects
4.4.1
General
It is common to describe the coast in terms of two interacting systems:
• The natural system which provides space, substratum, renewable and non-renewable resources and which regulates physical, biological and chemical processes in
the coastal zone. In economic terms the value of this system is often categorized as
the natural capital.
• The socio-economic system, the individuals, the public and private bodies who use
the natural resource system for subsistence, economic and social activities. The
importance of this system is expressed in economic terms as the human capital,
which includes the human capital proper (the people), the social capital (its social
infrastructure) and ~e industrial capital (the physical infrastructure).
Interaction is a two-way street. Man uses nature as a source to provide the resources
for its activities and as a sink to dispose of its waste products. Both applications have a
strong impact on the integrity of the natural system. For a sustainable exploitation of
the resource system these impacts should be known.
In 1994, the OECD introduced the pressure state response diagram as a method to
integrate economics and environment (OECD 1994). The method is schematicallyoutlined in Fig. 4.2 obtained from the OECD publication. The upper part of the diagram
describes the pressures, as a result of changes in the socio-economic system. For each
group of actors pressures are defined in terms of resource use (in the diagram limited
to land use) and waste emissions.
The central part of the diagram shows a set of matrices which are used to describe
the effect of these pressures on the natural environment, the air, the water and the land.
As shown in the diagram the method can be applied at various spatial scales, varying
from local to supranational or even global scales. ~s a first step, the state of the natural
73
In Latvia, another approach is used. Although the initiative for an integrated view
on the coastal zone came from national level, the consultative process has been organized by local authorities. Five consultative bodies have been erected, with representatives of the different sectors. One national working group links the local plans to the
national policies, procedures and legislation.
In China, the local authorities in the Yellow River Delta took the initiative to start
the process of integrated management in the delta. But, having a strong central planning system with five year plans, it is essential that provincial and national authorities
get involved and that links are made to these national planning strategies. In this project,
a seminar was organized at the beginning of the process whereby all relevant authorities were invited. This led to the establishment of a Provincial Steering Group. Public
hearings and consultation are not known phenomena in China. Therefore, representatives of stakeholders like the oil company and the nature reserve were especially invited to join the integrated process.
4.4
The Integration of Social, Economic and Environmental Aspects
4.4.1
General
It is common to describe the coast in terms of two interacting systems:
• The natural system which provides space, substratum, renewable and non-renewable resources and which regulates physical, biological and chemical processes in
the coastal zone. In economic terms the value of this system is often categorized as
the natural capital.
• The socio-economic system, the individuals, the public and private bodies who use
the natural resource system for subsistence, economic and social activities. The
importance of this system is expressed in economic terms as the human capital,
which includes the human capital proper (the people), the social capital (its social
infrastructure) and ~e industrial capital (the physical infrastructure).
Interaction is a two-way street. Man uses nature as a source to provide the resources
for its activities and as a sink to dispose of its waste products. Both applications have a
strong impact on the integrity of the natural system. For a sustainable exploitation of
the resource system these impacts should be known.
In 1994, the OECD introduced the pressure state response diagram as a method to
integrate economics and environment (OECD 1994). The method is schematicallyoutlined in Fig. 4.2 obtained from the OECD publication. The upper part of the diagram
describes the pressures, as a result of changes in the socio-economic system. For each
group of actors pressures are defined in terms of resource use (in the diagram limited
to land use) and waste emissions.
The central part of the diagram shows a set of matrices which are used to describe
the effect of these pressures on the natural environment, the air, the water and the land.
As shown in the diagram the method can be applied at various spatial scales, varying
from local to supranational or even global scales. ~s a first step, the state of the natural