70
J. van der Weide . 1. de Vrees
• The process: the planning, development, implementation and control of programs
and projects;
• The actions: the initiatives to facilitate planning, development, implementation and
control.
4.2.2
The Issues
The management issues are manifold, throughout the world there is a wide variety of
CZM objectives, therefore. Starting as a reactive effort to mitigate adverse effects of
natural development or human interventions, the objectives have developed into a more
precautionary approach to the planning processes which ultimately may result in a
pro~ctive coastal zone management policy, aiming at a sustainable production of goods
and services required by the society. Reference is made to Sorensen 1993 showing the
objectives and extent of CZM programs throughout the world.
The UNCED conference has marked the beginning of a new era in which sustainable development of land and sea resources is the leading issue. Its objective is to foster economic development without jeopardizing the integrity of vital ecosystems and
their functioning. Though clear as a concept, implementation of the concept in real
world cases is less obvious. New methods, techniques and tools have to be developed
to provide the scientific basis for the approach and new administrative and governance structures have to be established to ensure its implementation.
4.2.3
The Process
Notwithstanding this large variety of objectives, it can be observed that most, if not all
of the projects and programs, follow a more or less similar step by step approach to
structure the CZM process. This so-called framework identifies planning, development,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation as more or less explicit phases. Numerous attempts have been made to make this framework operational and in literature a
number of guidelines for CZM are presented based upon this systematic approach.
Examples may be found in the "The Guidelines for Integrated Coastal Zone Management" (The World Bank 1993), "Coastal Zone Management, Integrated Policies"
(OECD 1993) and "Guidelines for Integrated Management of Coastal and Marine Areas" (UNDP/MAP 1994).
The basic elements of integrated coastal zone management are shown in Fig. 4.1.
The elements can be grouped in three levels:
• The level of governance;
• The level of management tasks;
• The level of tools, instruments and capacities to support the management tasks.
On the level of governance, institutional arrangements and the legal arrangements
should be considered. There is no universal approach, but the organisation will be based
on tradition and social norms of a nation. Also, on the political level, objectives have
to be formulated. In fact, there are three typical governmental tasks that cannot be
J. van der Weide . 1. de Vrees
• The process: the planning, development, implementation and control of programs
and projects;
• The actions: the initiatives to facilitate planning, development, implementation and
control.
4.2.2
The Issues
The management issues are manifold, throughout the world there is a wide variety of
CZM objectives, therefore. Starting as a reactive effort to mitigate adverse effects of
natural development or human interventions, the objectives have developed into a more
precautionary approach to the planning processes which ultimately may result in a
pro~ctive coastal zone management policy, aiming at a sustainable production of goods
and services required by the society. Reference is made to Sorensen 1993 showing the
objectives and extent of CZM programs throughout the world.
The UNCED conference has marked the beginning of a new era in which sustainable development of land and sea resources is the leading issue. Its objective is to foster economic development without jeopardizing the integrity of vital ecosystems and
their functioning. Though clear as a concept, implementation of the concept in real
world cases is less obvious. New methods, techniques and tools have to be developed
to provide the scientific basis for the approach and new administrative and governance structures have to be established to ensure its implementation.
4.2.3
The Process
Notwithstanding this large variety of objectives, it can be observed that most, if not all
of the projects and programs, follow a more or less similar step by step approach to
structure the CZM process. This so-called framework identifies planning, development,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation as more or less explicit phases. Numerous attempts have been made to make this framework operational and in literature a
number of guidelines for CZM are presented based upon this systematic approach.
Examples may be found in the "The Guidelines for Integrated Coastal Zone Management" (The World Bank 1993), "Coastal Zone Management, Integrated Policies"
(OECD 1993) and "Guidelines for Integrated Management of Coastal and Marine Areas" (UNDP/MAP 1994).
The basic elements of integrated coastal zone management are shown in Fig. 4.1.
The elements can be grouped in three levels:
• The level of governance;
• The level of management tasks;
• The level of tools, instruments and capacities to support the management tasks.
On the level of governance, institutional arrangements and the legal arrangements
should be considered. There is no universal approach, but the organisation will be based
on tradition and social norms of a nation. Also, on the political level, objectives have
to be formulated. In fact, there are three typical governmental tasks that cannot be