64
G.-M. Lange
Table 3.4. Natural resource accounts for Indonesia in 2020 under scenario 1 with moderate economic
growth (Source: Duchin et al.1993)
Air pollution
Water
Land
Sector
Water
Susp.
Soil
CO2
S02
NO,
uptake BOD
COD
solids
Land use erosion
10 3 t
10 3 t
10 3 t
10 6 m 3 10 3 t
10 3 t
10 3 t
10 6 ha 10 6 t
Agriculture
Rice
0.0
0.1
112255
Other food crops
43
0.1
2.5
10
440
Other agr. crops
637
0.8
37.0
27
180
4 Livestock
1048
1.3
60.6
24
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Forest products
694
0.8
40.5
109
64
5.1 Natural forests
106
64
5.2 Plantations
6 Fisheries
1563
1.9
91.4
Mining
Coal
3898
115.0
26.4
Crude oil
6855
82.0
47.7
Natural gas
14092
2.8
135.0
10 Other mining
978
26.5
3.6
Manu11 Food and tobacco
1034
27.4
3.9
121
facturing
12 Wood products
1377
36.9
5.0
13 Pulp and paper
876
25.9
6.5
429
76
299
25
14 Fertilizer
6092
31.0
51.7
15 Chemicals
2717
79.0
18.1
19
16 Cement
2437
72.2
17.8
17 Other manufact.
1736
44.8
6.9
688
55
220
172
18 Petrol. refining
2893
39.2
18.4
19 LNG
3301
25.9
23.4
Utilities
20 Electricity
18445
314.5
299.2
21 Gas utilities
2266
53.5
10.5
22 Water utilities
244
1.6
0.9
Services
23 Construction
26409
173.3
94.9
24 Trade
2900
18.4
10.8
25 Rest. and' hotels
2557
16.0
9.6
26 T ransp. and comm.
22251
314.4 1412.1
27 Business services
559
3.4
2.2
28 Public admin.
0.0
0.0
29 Services
2091
12.2
8.3
30 Unspecified
20
0.1
0.1
Housen.olds 31 Households
41328
446.0
534.6
18494
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Total
171343 1966.9 2979.7 132 030 138
528
205
264
684
required for Estate crops exceeds supply by 37%. Indonesia will probably have to
consider importing a significant share of its food requirements, despite its desire
for food self sufficiency.
• To meet timber requirements without decimation of Indonesia's remaining natural
forests, large-scale plantation forests must be rapidly expanded to meet up to twothirds of the timber demand. However, in order to expand plantation forests without conflicting with, these plantations must be established on degraded lands and
not on land suitable for food or estate crops. Incentives would have to be designed
carefully to ensure that plantations are established on these lands. Plantation for-
G.-M. Lange
Table 3.4. Natural resource accounts for Indonesia in 2020 under scenario 1 with moderate economic
growth (Source: Duchin et al.1993)
Air pollution
Water
Land
Sector
Water
Susp.
Soil
CO2
S02
NO,
uptake BOD
COD
solids
Land use erosion
10 3 t
10 3 t
10 3 t
10 6 m 3 10 3 t
10 3 t
10 3 t
10 6 ha 10 6 t
Agriculture
Rice
0.0
0.1
112255
Other food crops
43
0.1
2.5
10
440
Other agr. crops
637
0.8
37.0
27
180
4 Livestock
1048
1.3
60.6
24
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Forest products
694
0.8
40.5
109
64
5.1 Natural forests
106
64
5.2 Plantations
6 Fisheries
1563
1.9
91.4
Mining
Coal
3898
115.0
26.4
Crude oil
6855
82.0
47.7
Natural gas
14092
2.8
135.0
10 Other mining
978
26.5
3.6
Manu11 Food and tobacco
1034
27.4
3.9
121
facturing
12 Wood products
1377
36.9
5.0
13 Pulp and paper
876
25.9
6.5
429
76
299
25
14 Fertilizer
6092
31.0
51.7
15 Chemicals
2717
79.0
18.1
19
16 Cement
2437
72.2
17.8
17 Other manufact.
1736
44.8
6.9
688
55
220
172
18 Petrol. refining
2893
39.2
18.4
19 LNG
3301
25.9
23.4
Utilities
20 Electricity
18445
314.5
299.2
21 Gas utilities
2266
53.5
10.5
22 Water utilities
244
1.6
0.9
Services
23 Construction
26409
173.3
94.9
24 Trade
2900
18.4
10.8
25 Rest. and' hotels
2557
16.0
9.6
26 T ransp. and comm.
22251
314.4 1412.1
27 Business services
559
3.4
2.2
28 Public admin.
0.0
0.0
29 Services
2091
12.2
8.3
30 Unspecified
20
0.1
0.1
Housen.olds 31 Households
41328
446.0
534.6
18494
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Total
171343 1966.9 2979.7 132 030 138
528
205
264
684
required for Estate crops exceeds supply by 37%. Indonesia will probably have to
consider importing a significant share of its food requirements, despite its desire
for food self sufficiency.
• To meet timber requirements without decimation of Indonesia's remaining natural
forests, large-scale plantation forests must be rapidly expanded to meet up to twothirds of the timber demand. However, in order to expand plantation forests without conflicting with, these plantations must be established on degraded lands and
not on land suitable for food or estate crops. Incentives would have to be designed
carefully to ensure that plantations are established on these lands. Plantation for-