CHAPTER 1 • Principles and Benefits of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (lCZM)
27
Without leZM (Trend management strategy)
WithleZM
II
III
II
III
Scenarios (Combinations of values of variables)
r - - - - MinimallClM strategy
---+---- Medium IClM strategy
L -_ _ _ Maximum IClM strategy
r - - - - Minimal
---+---- Medium
L -_ _ Maximum
, . . - - - Minimal
- - - - 1 - - - - Medium
' - - - - - Maximum
Classification of
strategy = (degree
of "intervention")
Example: Net benefits from IClM = [Net benefits, Scenario I, Medium strategy]
- [Net benefits, Scenario I, Trend strategy]
Fig. 1.6. Role of scenarios in estimating benefits of ICZM (Source: Bower and Turner 1997)
Characterising the "without" situation is not straightforward, as a "business as usual"
management strategy is not realistic because the biophysical and socio-economic systems in the zone are not likely to be static. Rather such systems will be subject to an
almost continuous process of adaptive change as socio-economic systems learn from
past experiences. These adaptations may then generate feed back effects in bio-physical processes and functions and so on. Changes, for example, were made in response
to the last three hurricanes in Florida, USA. Building codes were tightened, particularly for mobile homes, and insurance companies became more particular about what
they insured in relation to storms and hurricanes. When salinity intrusion was recognized in Southern California 50-60 years ago, a recharge scheme was established and
water withdrawal charges imposed to prevent any further intrusion. Regulations have
been established, and in some places actually enforced and fines levied, preventing the
filling of wetlands. ''Artificial'' wetlands have also been constructed in various areas, to
compensate for previously filled wetlands and consequent loss of habitat.
The rate and scale of the adaptive behaviour will be conditioned by, among other
things, human perceptions of environmental change. Perception of the nature, extent
and severity of a problem affects the response of users to incentives imposed to change
behaviour. Net benefits are a function of responses to incentives; responses to incentives are a function of perceptions. There may well be significant differences between
perception of a problem by federal and state officials and local government officials
and land users, as in the case of wildfires in urban fringe areas. There typically is a difference in perception with respect to the implications of the decline in yield of a particular
27
Without leZM (Trend management strategy)
WithleZM
II
III
II
III
Scenarios (Combinations of values of variables)
r - - - - MinimallClM strategy
---+---- Medium IClM strategy
L -_ _ _ Maximum IClM strategy
r - - - - Minimal
---+---- Medium
L -_ _ Maximum
, . . - - - Minimal
- - - - 1 - - - - Medium
' - - - - - Maximum
Classification of
strategy = (degree
of "intervention")
Example: Net benefits from IClM = [Net benefits, Scenario I, Medium strategy]
- [Net benefits, Scenario I, Trend strategy]
Fig. 1.6. Role of scenarios in estimating benefits of ICZM (Source: Bower and Turner 1997)
Characterising the "without" situation is not straightforward, as a "business as usual"
management strategy is not realistic because the biophysical and socio-economic systems in the zone are not likely to be static. Rather such systems will be subject to an
almost continuous process of adaptive change as socio-economic systems learn from
past experiences. These adaptations may then generate feed back effects in bio-physical processes and functions and so on. Changes, for example, were made in response
to the last three hurricanes in Florida, USA. Building codes were tightened, particularly for mobile homes, and insurance companies became more particular about what
they insured in relation to storms and hurricanes. When salinity intrusion was recognized in Southern California 50-60 years ago, a recharge scheme was established and
water withdrawal charges imposed to prevent any further intrusion. Regulations have
been established, and in some places actually enforced and fines levied, preventing the
filling of wetlands. ''Artificial'' wetlands have also been constructed in various areas, to
compensate for previously filled wetlands and consequent loss of habitat.
The rate and scale of the adaptive behaviour will be conditioned by, among other
things, human perceptions of environmental change. Perception of the nature, extent
and severity of a problem affects the response of users to incentives imposed to change
behaviour. Net benefits are a function of responses to incentives; responses to incentives are a function of perceptions. There may well be significant differences between
perception of a problem by federal and state officials and local government officials
and land users, as in the case of wildfires in urban fringe areas. There typically is a difference in perception with respect to the implications of the decline in yield of a particular