CHAPTER 1 • Principles and Benefits of Integrated Coastal lone Management (IClM)
2.5
of PCBs have occurred in at least 10-15 years. But concentrations are still significant
and result in current damages. Baseline conditions for estimating damages from hurricanes, for example, must include the changes that were made, e.g. in building construction, as a result of the most recent hurricane. In addition, the "baseline conditions"
will change over time, as a result of increased information about coastal ecosystems,
increased accuracy of forecasting hurricane landfalls and changing governmental policies.
Thus, a critical problem in estimating benefits from ICZM is defining what would
happen in the absence of ICZM, i.e., what is the "baseline scenario".
ICZM benefits over time are also a function of the research and monitoring components of ICZM. These components provide information on which to base benefits
estimates. For example, having monitored the Florida shoreline in the Pensacola area
before. Hurricane Opal enabled determining the effect of the hurricane on shoreline
erosion by remeasuring after the hurricane (Stone et al. 1996). Investigations to determine reasons for damages to residential structures in Florida by Hurricane Andrew
lead to changed building codes and construction methods, thereby reducing damages
from subsequent storms. Studies of recreation behaviour in coastal areas provide data
for developing estimates of demands, and hence of benefits associated with coastal
recreation. But the provision of continuous research and monitoring activities requires
an institutional arrangement (a) to organize and finance the research and data collection; and (b) to make use of the results of those activities.
1.6
Demonstrating the Benefits of leZM
From a pragmatic decision-making perspective, there needs to be a method for demonstrating to decision makers and other stakeholders what the benefits of ICZM could
be. However, there also must be an understanding that achievement of benefits requires
implementation of a coastal resources management strategy. The components of a strategyare shown in Fig. 1.5. These components are related to the set of tasks of coastal
management mentioned earlier.
The analytical approach suggested for demonstrating the benefits ofICZM is based
on a "without ICZM" versus "with ICZM" comparison. The net benefits, i.e. benefits
minus costs, associated with (attributable to) ICZM are then represented by the difference between the two "states of the world" in a given coastal area. The benefits and
costs of ICZM will be determined by the range of processes, functions, products and
services found and produced in the coastal area and their interrelationships with factors external to the coastal area. The «without-with" comparison is combined with the
application of "scenarios" of conditions extended to whatever points in the future are
considered to be of interest, i.e. "alternative futures". The structural scenario analysis
is indicated in Fig. 1.6.
A scenario comprises some combination of values of three sets of linked variables:
a Economic and demographic conditions over the time horizon of interest;
b Environmental conditions; and
c Non-coastal governmental policies and programmes, technological changes, and
factor prices.
2.5
of PCBs have occurred in at least 10-15 years. But concentrations are still significant
and result in current damages. Baseline conditions for estimating damages from hurricanes, for example, must include the changes that were made, e.g. in building construction, as a result of the most recent hurricane. In addition, the "baseline conditions"
will change over time, as a result of increased information about coastal ecosystems,
increased accuracy of forecasting hurricane landfalls and changing governmental policies.
Thus, a critical problem in estimating benefits from ICZM is defining what would
happen in the absence of ICZM, i.e., what is the "baseline scenario".
ICZM benefits over time are also a function of the research and monitoring components of ICZM. These components provide information on which to base benefits
estimates. For example, having monitored the Florida shoreline in the Pensacola area
before. Hurricane Opal enabled determining the effect of the hurricane on shoreline
erosion by remeasuring after the hurricane (Stone et al. 1996). Investigations to determine reasons for damages to residential structures in Florida by Hurricane Andrew
lead to changed building codes and construction methods, thereby reducing damages
from subsequent storms. Studies of recreation behaviour in coastal areas provide data
for developing estimates of demands, and hence of benefits associated with coastal
recreation. But the provision of continuous research and monitoring activities requires
an institutional arrangement (a) to organize and finance the research and data collection; and (b) to make use of the results of those activities.
1.6
Demonstrating the Benefits of leZM
From a pragmatic decision-making perspective, there needs to be a method for demonstrating to decision makers and other stakeholders what the benefits of ICZM could
be. However, there also must be an understanding that achievement of benefits requires
implementation of a coastal resources management strategy. The components of a strategyare shown in Fig. 1.5. These components are related to the set of tasks of coastal
management mentioned earlier.
The analytical approach suggested for demonstrating the benefits ofICZM is based
on a "without ICZM" versus "with ICZM" comparison. The net benefits, i.e. benefits
minus costs, associated with (attributable to) ICZM are then represented by the difference between the two "states of the world" in a given coastal area. The benefits and
costs of ICZM will be determined by the range of processes, functions, products and
services found and produced in the coastal area and their interrelationships with factors external to the coastal area. The «without-with" comparison is combined with the
application of "scenarios" of conditions extended to whatever points in the future are
considered to be of interest, i.e. "alternative futures". The structural scenario analysis
is indicated in Fig. 1.6.
A scenario comprises some combination of values of three sets of linked variables:
a Economic and demographic conditions over the time horizon of interest;
b Environmental conditions; and
c Non-coastal governmental policies and programmes, technological changes, and
factor prices.