CHAPTER 18 • Management of Tokyo Bay
347
In almost all cases, the monetary value of the potential recreation demand, PCS,
is larger than that of the realized demand, RCS. This is because of the limits of the
operational capacities of the recreational facilities. Additional net benefits could
be obtained by developing more recreational facilities, up to the level where the
marginal annualized cost of the facilities is equal to the marginal benefit, assuming the same LW policies and assuming that the recreational activities themselves
do not result in deterioration of ambient water quality.
Positive net benefits are achieved for LW-o/R-o and LW-o/R-l combinations for
scenarios S-1 and S-2. This reflects the increased demand as a result of increased
population, increased household income, and increased leisure time, even with
ambient water quality at the 1980 level. Except for these cases, the only case achieving pOliitive net benefits is the S-2/LW-2/R-2 combination. This reinforces the conclusion that, once adequate water quality has been achieved, which requires at least
LW-2, additional recreational benefits can be achieved only by more investments
to provide recreational opportunities.
Except for the LW -0 policy cases, the estimated gross benefits from recreation
exceed the estimated costs of the recreational facilities alone only for the S-I/LW-2
and S-2/LW-2 cases. Substantial gross benefits from recreation are achieved only
with policy LW-2, irrespective of the recreation policy. This suggests that reduction in DIN discharges more than reduction in COD discharges is critical in achieving ambient water quality sufficient to induce more recreational activity.
Clearly the results indicate that two conditions are required for achieving significant net benefits from management of Tokyo Bay:
1. improved and maintained ambient water quality; and
2. increased provision of recreational facilities.
18.4
Discussion of the Institutional Structure for Management
In order to manage Tokyo Bay effectively, the institutional structure (mechanism) for
management should deal with all activities that have potential repercussions on the
ecosystem of Tokyo Bay. Theoretically, major aspects (elements) to be incorporated
should include:
1. regulations relating to land reclamation and development,
2. prevention of water pollution,
3. the conservation and restoration of remaining wetlands and natural shores,
4. landfilling for solid waste disposal,
5. fisheries and protection of marine resources,
6. marine transportation and its safety,
7. the safety of chemical and petroleum operations along the bay, and
8. access of residents to the waterfront and to water-based recreation opportunities.
However, the present institutional structure for decisions with respect to uses of
Tokyo Bay, and for the implementation of those decisions, is characterized by a complex network of ad hoc measures taken by, and legislation passed by, central and local
347
In almost all cases, the monetary value of the potential recreation demand, PCS,
is larger than that of the realized demand, RCS. This is because of the limits of the
operational capacities of the recreational facilities. Additional net benefits could
be obtained by developing more recreational facilities, up to the level where the
marginal annualized cost of the facilities is equal to the marginal benefit, assuming the same LW policies and assuming that the recreational activities themselves
do not result in deterioration of ambient water quality.
Positive net benefits are achieved for LW-o/R-o and LW-o/R-l combinations for
scenarios S-1 and S-2. This reflects the increased demand as a result of increased
population, increased household income, and increased leisure time, even with
ambient water quality at the 1980 level. Except for these cases, the only case achieving pOliitive net benefits is the S-2/LW-2/R-2 combination. This reinforces the conclusion that, once adequate water quality has been achieved, which requires at least
LW-2, additional recreational benefits can be achieved only by more investments
to provide recreational opportunities.
Except for the LW -0 policy cases, the estimated gross benefits from recreation
exceed the estimated costs of the recreational facilities alone only for the S-I/LW-2
and S-2/LW-2 cases. Substantial gross benefits from recreation are achieved only
with policy LW-2, irrespective of the recreation policy. This suggests that reduction in DIN discharges more than reduction in COD discharges is critical in achieving ambient water quality sufficient to induce more recreational activity.
Clearly the results indicate that two conditions are required for achieving significant net benefits from management of Tokyo Bay:
1. improved and maintained ambient water quality; and
2. increased provision of recreational facilities.
18.4
Discussion of the Institutional Structure for Management
In order to manage Tokyo Bay effectively, the institutional structure (mechanism) for
management should deal with all activities that have potential repercussions on the
ecosystem of Tokyo Bay. Theoretically, major aspects (elements) to be incorporated
should include:
1. regulations relating to land reclamation and development,
2. prevention of water pollution,
3. the conservation and restoration of remaining wetlands and natural shores,
4. landfilling for solid waste disposal,
5. fisheries and protection of marine resources,
6. marine transportation and its safety,
7. the safety of chemical and petroleum operations along the bay, and
8. access of residents to the waterfront and to water-based recreation opportunities.
However, the present institutional structure for decisions with respect to uses of
Tokyo Bay, and for the implementation of those decisions, is characterized by a complex network of ad hoc measures taken by, and legislation passed by, central and local