342
K. Takao . B.T. Bower
The PCS, however, may not be achieved in a given case because the physical capacity for activity k in area j is limited. If the demand is greater than the capacity,
not all potential visitors could be accommodated and therefore not all potential
consumer's surplus could be realized. Thus the gross benefit for a given case is the
Realized Consumer's Surplus (RCS), which will be equal to or less than the PCS.
The total potential visits to site j to pursue activity k is
Vjk = PiL Vijk .
I
If the potential visits to site j to pursue activity k is equal to or smaller than the
capacity, i.e., \jk ~ Cjk, then the realized consumer's surplus, RCSjk, is equal to the
potential consumer's surplus, PCSjk. Conversely, if Vjk :::: Cjk, then the potential visits beyond the capacity will never be realized, and thus the total number of visits
to site j to pursue activity k must be kept at \jk = Cjk. This is done by adjusting the
visits per person, Vijk, by the ratio, Cjk / \jk, such that
in which vijk represents adjusted realized visits per 100 000 persons of residential
zone i to site j to pursue activity k. The realized consumer's surplus, RCSjk> is then
estimated by the following equation:
t *
RCSjk = PCSjk - 2m~ Pi f {fk(t, Qj ) - Vi;ddt ,
I
tij
where t* represents imputed time distance corresponding to V;jk' so that:
The foregoing procedure yields the estimate of the increment in consumer's
surplus for a given activity for a given case. This increment is the difference between the estimated RCS for the given case and the RCS for the same activity for
the base case. Summing over all activities for that case yields the total realized
consumer's surplus, that is, the estimated gross benefits for the combination of
management policies of case n.
18.3.3
Recreational Demand Functions
In estimating specific demand functions for different types of water-oriented recreational activities, data on recreational sites and facilities, ambient water quality,
number of visitors from different zones participating in different types of activities, and population in different zones were obtained. The dependent variable of
each demand function was the number of recreation visits vij' from a given resi-
K. Takao . B.T. Bower
The PCS, however, may not be achieved in a given case because the physical capacity for activity k in area j is limited. If the demand is greater than the capacity,
not all potential visitors could be accommodated and therefore not all potential
consumer's surplus could be realized. Thus the gross benefit for a given case is the
Realized Consumer's Surplus (RCS), which will be equal to or less than the PCS.
The total potential visits to site j to pursue activity k is
Vjk = PiL Vijk .
I
If the potential visits to site j to pursue activity k is equal to or smaller than the
capacity, i.e., \jk ~ Cjk, then the realized consumer's surplus, RCSjk, is equal to the
potential consumer's surplus, PCSjk. Conversely, if Vjk :::: Cjk, then the potential visits beyond the capacity will never be realized, and thus the total number of visits
to site j to pursue activity k must be kept at \jk = Cjk. This is done by adjusting the
visits per person, Vijk, by the ratio, Cjk / \jk, such that
in which vijk represents adjusted realized visits per 100 000 persons of residential
zone i to site j to pursue activity k. The realized consumer's surplus, RCSjk> is then
estimated by the following equation:
t *
RCSjk = PCSjk - 2m~ Pi f {fk(t, Qj ) - Vi;ddt ,
I
tij
where t* represents imputed time distance corresponding to V;jk' so that:
The foregoing procedure yields the estimate of the increment in consumer's
surplus for a given activity for a given case. This increment is the difference between the estimated RCS for the given case and the RCS for the same activity for
the base case. Summing over all activities for that case yields the total realized
consumer's surplus, that is, the estimated gross benefits for the combination of
management policies of case n.
18.3.3
Recreational Demand Functions
In estimating specific demand functions for different types of water-oriented recreational activities, data on recreational sites and facilities, ambient water quality,
number of visitors from different zones participating in different types of activities, and population in different zones were obtained. The dependent variable of
each demand function was the number of recreation visits vij' from a given resi-