Introduction and Overview
9
environs. In practice, a key issue turned out to be the future provision of water-based
recreation in the bay and the benefits of such a policy. The costs of implementing the
recreation plan were dominated by liquid waste disposal costs at sewage treatment
plants and industrial facilities; together with the costs associated with the recreation
itself e.g. conversions of old port facilities, construction of artificial beaches etc. The
simulation results suggested that two conditions were required for achieving significant net benefits from management of Tokyo Bay - improved and maintained ambient water quality and increased provision of recreation facilities.
The final chapter by Glaeser brings together many of the concepts and issues discussed in earlier chapters, in the context of an integrated coastal zone strategy for Sweden. He surveys the multiple resource uses that are pressurising the Swedish coastal
zone and then examines the institutional options for the management of the coast.
If on.e picture arises from these contributions it is that the scientific and management foundations for integrated coastal region management are reasonably well understood. But this merely informs us how the coastal region management should function in an ideal world. Reality is both more complex and beset by uncertainty.
The impacts on the coastal region are very well identified by the biophysical sciences. A large knowledge base exists but in many cases it is not possible to transfer the
insights from one region to another. The integration of the findings of the biophysical
sciences with those of the socio-economic sciences is still in need of improvement.
Considering the international science efforts in the field of climate change and sea level
rise it is remarkable that these issues are not high on the agenda of coastal region
managers. More pressing and important for the short and medium terms are all the
issues associated with population increase; an increase that is disproportionate for the
coastal zone. Particular issues within this context are industrial development, tourism,
recreational and commercial fisheries and traffic in general. Although schemes exist
for coastal region management, the issue of transboundary impacts through watersheds
has not been fully addressed.
Solutions will reqUire at the science level a stronger cooperation and integration of
the natural and social sciences in order to derive the necessary predictive tools. On
the management side all contributions advocate better incorporation of all stakeholders
in the decision making process. Again, very few examples exist on how this could be
done successfully (O'Riordan and Ward 1997). In the main time we have to learn from
each others experience and determine whether and how one solution working in region A can or cannot be applied to region B.
References
Folke C, Holling C, Perrings C (1996) Biological diversity ecosystems and the human scale. Ecological
Applications 6:1018-1024
O'Riordan T, Ward R (1997) Building trust in shoreline management. Land Use Policy 14:257-278
Perring C, Pearce DW (1994) Threshold effects and incentives for the conservation of biodiversity. Environmental and Resource Economics 4:13-28
Steele JH (1991) Marine functional diversity. Bio-Science 41:470-474
Turner RK, Adger WN (1996) Coastal zone resources assessment guidelines. LOICZ Reports and Studies 4:iV+IOl
Turner RK, Pearce DW (1993) Sustainable economic development: Economics and ethical principles. In
Barbier EB (ed.) Economics and ecology. Chapman and Hall, London PK, pp 177-194
Turner RK, Subak S,Adger N (1996) Pressures, trends and impacts in coastal zones: interactions between
socio-economic and natural systems. Environmental Ml!,Ilagement 20:159-173
9
environs. In practice, a key issue turned out to be the future provision of water-based
recreation in the bay and the benefits of such a policy. The costs of implementing the
recreation plan were dominated by liquid waste disposal costs at sewage treatment
plants and industrial facilities; together with the costs associated with the recreation
itself e.g. conversions of old port facilities, construction of artificial beaches etc. The
simulation results suggested that two conditions were required for achieving significant net benefits from management of Tokyo Bay - improved and maintained ambient water quality and increased provision of recreation facilities.
The final chapter by Glaeser brings together many of the concepts and issues discussed in earlier chapters, in the context of an integrated coastal zone strategy for Sweden. He surveys the multiple resource uses that are pressurising the Swedish coastal
zone and then examines the institutional options for the management of the coast.
If on.e picture arises from these contributions it is that the scientific and management foundations for integrated coastal region management are reasonably well understood. But this merely informs us how the coastal region management should function in an ideal world. Reality is both more complex and beset by uncertainty.
The impacts on the coastal region are very well identified by the biophysical sciences. A large knowledge base exists but in many cases it is not possible to transfer the
insights from one region to another. The integration of the findings of the biophysical
sciences with those of the socio-economic sciences is still in need of improvement.
Considering the international science efforts in the field of climate change and sea level
rise it is remarkable that these issues are not high on the agenda of coastal region
managers. More pressing and important for the short and medium terms are all the
issues associated with population increase; an increase that is disproportionate for the
coastal zone. Particular issues within this context are industrial development, tourism,
recreational and commercial fisheries and traffic in general. Although schemes exist
for coastal region management, the issue of transboundary impacts through watersheds
has not been fully addressed.
Solutions will reqUire at the science level a stronger cooperation and integration of
the natural and social sciences in order to derive the necessary predictive tools. On
the management side all contributions advocate better incorporation of all stakeholders
in the decision making process. Again, very few examples exist on how this could be
done successfully (O'Riordan and Ward 1997). In the main time we have to learn from
each others experience and determine whether and how one solution working in region A can or cannot be applied to region B.
References
Folke C, Holling C, Perrings C (1996) Biological diversity ecosystems and the human scale. Ecological
Applications 6:1018-1024
O'Riordan T, Ward R (1997) Building trust in shoreline management. Land Use Policy 14:257-278
Perring C, Pearce DW (1994) Threshold effects and incentives for the conservation of biodiversity. Environmental and Resource Economics 4:13-28
Steele JH (1991) Marine functional diversity. Bio-Science 41:470-474
Turner RK, Adger WN (1996) Coastal zone resources assessment guidelines. LOICZ Reports and Studies 4:iV+IOl
Turner RK, Pearce DW (1993) Sustainable economic development: Economics and ethical principles. In
Barbier EB (ed.) Economics and ecology. Chapman and Hall, London PK, pp 177-194
Turner RK, Subak S,Adger N (1996) Pressures, trends and impacts in coastal zones: interactions between
socio-economic and natural systems. Environmental Ml!,Ilagement 20:159-173