8
R.K. Turner . W. Salomons
illustrates the experience of 40 years of tourism development on the Spanish Coast.
Aspects of this experience that should provide lessons for other areas. In particular,
three areas along the Coast Brava can be distinguished with different development
policy. The one focusing on short-term gains and rapid development resulted in a loss
of attractiveness of the area for tourists. Better sustainability was observed for the other
regions with policy and planning which exerted less pressure because of a lower relative priorities on immediate economic gains. A common problem of these tourist areas is the strong seasonal demands on the infrastructure, with populations rising more
than lo-fold in the tourist season.
The chapter by Harvey on the Great Barrier is an illustration of coastal zone management developing over a period of more than 20 years. The major sanctioned
activities are tourism and fishing and the only activities that are prohibited are commf\rcial mining and oil drilling. In particular the tourism industry is growing, as elsewhere in the world, at a fast rate. Extensive zoning is practised for the Great Barrier
Reef ranging from preservation zones and scientific research zones where only controlled scientific experiments are allowed, to "General Use" zones. In the general use
zones activities are held at levels that will not jeopardize the ecosystem. Generally commercial and recreational fishing is allowed but bottom trawling is not permitted.
Coastal zone management of the system involved a three tier system of government
involving the Commonwealth (national) government, state and territory governments
and local governments. However, local government authorities carry out much of the
day to day coastal management. Harvey concludes that each dimension of integration
in coastal zone management has been addressed including interactions among sectors, between regions, among government levels, and the wider community, and betWeen disciplines. As such, in principle, all the requirements for integrated management have been met.
Coastal zone managers dealing with Lake Maracaibo system in Venezuela, discussed
in detail by Rodriguez, have not only to cope with the pressure of the oil industry,
but additionally with conflicts between artisanal and commercial fisheries and between
fisheries and the oil industry. The oil industry has generated a large population increase
and further industrialisation of the coastline. It has been estimated that over the last
four decades almost 90% of the mangroves have been lost. Pollution and water availability problems are 'also generated upland. Construction of reservoirs has resulted in
a reduced water flow. Large water consumers are electric power generation plants and
cane'sugar mills. The use of pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides and soil amendments is
wide spread in the upland drainage basins. A complicating factor, as in the case of
Bangladesh, is the transboundary nature of the management issues. Close to one
quarter of the population living in the watershed of the lake are in Columbia. The success of an ICZM programme depends strongly on cooperation of the Colombian government. The activity of powerful guerrilla groups active in blasting oil pipe lines,
makes life even more difficult for resource managers, the industry itself and government regulations.
The Tokyo Bay case study by Takao and Bower provides a detailed analysis of a very
intensely utilized coastal area. Multiple usage has led to heavy pollution and habitat
alteration in the bay area over a long period of time. In order to assess the costs and
benefits of a range of management strategy options, the authors have simulated three
possible future economic/policy scenarios and their implications for the bay and its
R.K. Turner . W. Salomons
illustrates the experience of 40 years of tourism development on the Spanish Coast.
Aspects of this experience that should provide lessons for other areas. In particular,
three areas along the Coast Brava can be distinguished with different development
policy. The one focusing on short-term gains and rapid development resulted in a loss
of attractiveness of the area for tourists. Better sustainability was observed for the other
regions with policy and planning which exerted less pressure because of a lower relative priorities on immediate economic gains. A common problem of these tourist areas is the strong seasonal demands on the infrastructure, with populations rising more
than lo-fold in the tourist season.
The chapter by Harvey on the Great Barrier is an illustration of coastal zone management developing over a period of more than 20 years. The major sanctioned
activities are tourism and fishing and the only activities that are prohibited are commf\rcial mining and oil drilling. In particular the tourism industry is growing, as elsewhere in the world, at a fast rate. Extensive zoning is practised for the Great Barrier
Reef ranging from preservation zones and scientific research zones where only controlled scientific experiments are allowed, to "General Use" zones. In the general use
zones activities are held at levels that will not jeopardize the ecosystem. Generally commercial and recreational fishing is allowed but bottom trawling is not permitted.
Coastal zone management of the system involved a three tier system of government
involving the Commonwealth (national) government, state and territory governments
and local governments. However, local government authorities carry out much of the
day to day coastal management. Harvey concludes that each dimension of integration
in coastal zone management has been addressed including interactions among sectors, between regions, among government levels, and the wider community, and betWeen disciplines. As such, in principle, all the requirements for integrated management have been met.
Coastal zone managers dealing with Lake Maracaibo system in Venezuela, discussed
in detail by Rodriguez, have not only to cope with the pressure of the oil industry,
but additionally with conflicts between artisanal and commercial fisheries and between
fisheries and the oil industry. The oil industry has generated a large population increase
and further industrialisation of the coastline. It has been estimated that over the last
four decades almost 90% of the mangroves have been lost. Pollution and water availability problems are 'also generated upland. Construction of reservoirs has resulted in
a reduced water flow. Large water consumers are electric power generation plants and
cane'sugar mills. The use of pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides and soil amendments is
wide spread in the upland drainage basins. A complicating factor, as in the case of
Bangladesh, is the transboundary nature of the management issues. Close to one
quarter of the population living in the watershed of the lake are in Columbia. The success of an ICZM programme depends strongly on cooperation of the Colombian government. The activity of powerful guerrilla groups active in blasting oil pipe lines,
makes life even more difficult for resource managers, the industry itself and government regulations.
The Tokyo Bay case study by Takao and Bower provides a detailed analysis of a very
intensely utilized coastal area. Multiple usage has led to heavy pollution and habitat
alteration in the bay area over a long period of time. In order to assess the costs and
benefits of a range of management strategy options, the authors have simulated three
possible future economic/policy scenarios and their implications for the bay and its