CHAPTER 9 • Conservation and Management of Latin American Mangroves
Table 9.3. Updated list of species of "true mangrove" trees in Latin America and the Caribbean and
their distribution limits (Sources: Araujo and Maciel 1979; Flores-Verdugo et aI. 1992; Jimenez 1992;
Cintr6n and Schaeffer-Novelli 1992; Breteler 1969; Bacon 1993; West 1977; Roth 1992; Savage 1972)
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
North
South
North
South
Family Rhizophoraceae
Rhizophoro mangle L. Bermuda,
Praia do Sonho,
Puerto de Lobos, Tumbes River,
N 32'20'
Brazil. S 27'53'
Mexico, N 30'15' Peru, S 3'34'
R. harrisonii Leechman Estero Real,
Rio Preguir,;as,
Chantuto,
Guayas R,
Nicaragua, N 13' Brazil, S 2'40'
Mexico, N 15'15' Ecuador, S 2'20'
R. racet:f1osa G.F.W.
Estero Real,
Rio Preguir,;as,
Chiquiri River,
Guayas R.,
Meyer
Nicaragua, N 13' Brazil, S 2'40'
Panama, N 10'
Ecuador, S 2'20'
R. samoensis (Hochr.)
No occurrence
Restricted to the Pacific coast from
Salvosa
Ecuador (3'5) to Panama (1 rJ'N)
Family Avicenniaceae
Avicennia germinans L. Bermuda,
Atafona,
Puerto de Lobos, Piura R.,
N 32'20'
Brazil,S 21'37'
Mexico, N 30'15' Peru, S 5'32'
A. schaueriana
St. Kitts Is.,
Laguna,
No occurrence
(Stapf. and Leech.)
Carib., N 17"30'
Brazil, S 28'30'
A. bicolor StandI.
No occurrence
Restricted to the Pacific coast of
Central America
A. tonduzii Moldenke
No occurrence
Restricted to the Pacific coast of
Central America
Family Combretaceae
Laguncularia racemosa Florida, USA
Laguna,
Estero Sargento, Piura.,
Gaertn.
N 30'
Brazil, S 28'30'
Mexico, N 29'17' Peru,S 5'32'
Conocarpus erecWs L. 'Florida, USA
Lagoa de Ararua- Estero Sargento, Tumbes,
N 28'5'
ma, 5 Brazil, 22°55' Mexico, N 29'17' Peru, S 3°34'
Conocarpus e. sericeus Endemic to Northern Caribbean Islands No occurrence
2~Nto25°N
Family Pellicieriaceae
Pellicieru rhizophorae
Prinzapolca,
Cartagena,
Gulf of Nicoya,
Esmeralda
PI. and Tr.
Nicaragua, N 13' Colombia, N 9'
Costa Rica, N9'30' Ecuador, S l'
Rhizophora (Rhizophoraceae) and Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) dominate with 4 species each. Other genera are Laguncularia and Conocarpus (Combretaceae) and Pelliciera
(Pelliceriaceae) with one species each. Conocarpus has an endemic variety (Bacon 1993)
in the Northern Caribbean islands (Table 9.3). Rhizophora mangle L., Avicennia
germinans L., Laguncularia racemosa Gaertn, and Conocarpus erecta have pan-continental distributions. The other species are restricted to particular sectors of the continent with taxonomical positions and biogeographical relations still poorly understood.
Many plant species occur associated with mangrove forests on the American continent. The diversity is probably due to climatic conditions and the proximity to other
pristine ecosystems. Some of these plant species are associated with mangroves
Table 9.3. Updated list of species of "true mangrove" trees in Latin America and the Caribbean and
their distribution limits (Sources: Araujo and Maciel 1979; Flores-Verdugo et aI. 1992; Jimenez 1992;
Cintr6n and Schaeffer-Novelli 1992; Breteler 1969; Bacon 1993; West 1977; Roth 1992; Savage 1972)
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
North
South
North
South
Family Rhizophoraceae
Rhizophoro mangle L. Bermuda,
Praia do Sonho,
Puerto de Lobos, Tumbes River,
N 32'20'
Brazil. S 27'53'
Mexico, N 30'15' Peru, S 3'34'
R. harrisonii Leechman Estero Real,
Rio Preguir,;as,
Chantuto,
Guayas R,
Nicaragua, N 13' Brazil, S 2'40'
Mexico, N 15'15' Ecuador, S 2'20'
R. racet:f1osa G.F.W.
Estero Real,
Rio Preguir,;as,
Chiquiri River,
Guayas R.,
Meyer
Nicaragua, N 13' Brazil, S 2'40'
Panama, N 10'
Ecuador, S 2'20'
R. samoensis (Hochr.)
No occurrence
Restricted to the Pacific coast from
Salvosa
Ecuador (3'5) to Panama (1 rJ'N)
Family Avicenniaceae
Avicennia germinans L. Bermuda,
Atafona,
Puerto de Lobos, Piura R.,
N 32'20'
Brazil,S 21'37'
Mexico, N 30'15' Peru, S 5'32'
A. schaueriana
St. Kitts Is.,
Laguna,
No occurrence
(Stapf. and Leech.)
Carib., N 17"30'
Brazil, S 28'30'
A. bicolor StandI.
No occurrence
Restricted to the Pacific coast of
Central America
A. tonduzii Moldenke
No occurrence
Restricted to the Pacific coast of
Central America
Family Combretaceae
Laguncularia racemosa Florida, USA
Laguna,
Estero Sargento, Piura.,
Gaertn.
N 30'
Brazil, S 28'30'
Mexico, N 29'17' Peru,S 5'32'
Conocarpus erecWs L. 'Florida, USA
Lagoa de Ararua- Estero Sargento, Tumbes,
N 28'5'
ma, 5 Brazil, 22°55' Mexico, N 29'17' Peru, S 3°34'
Conocarpus e. sericeus Endemic to Northern Caribbean Islands No occurrence
2~Nto25°N
Family Pellicieriaceae
Pellicieru rhizophorae
Prinzapolca,
Cartagena,
Gulf of Nicoya,
Esmeralda
PI. and Tr.
Nicaragua, N 13' Colombia, N 9'
Costa Rica, N9'30' Ecuador, S l'
Rhizophora (Rhizophoraceae) and Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) dominate with 4 species each. Other genera are Laguncularia and Conocarpus (Combretaceae) and Pelliciera
(Pelliceriaceae) with one species each. Conocarpus has an endemic variety (Bacon 1993)
in the Northern Caribbean islands (Table 9.3). Rhizophora mangle L., Avicennia
germinans L., Laguncularia racemosa Gaertn, and Conocarpus erecta have pan-continental distributions. The other species are restricted to particular sectors of the continent with taxonomical positions and biogeographical relations still poorly understood.
Many plant species occur associated with mangrove forests on the American continent. The diversity is probably due to climatic conditions and the proximity to other
pristine ecosystems. Some of these plant species are associated with mangroves