Table 20.1
(continued)
Chapter Authors
Country
Disturbance
Goals for restoration
Morphology
Restoration actions
Costs
Funding agency
8
Rhind et al.
Wales, UK Overstabilization,
loss of
herbivores
Restoring dune mobility
and increasing
biodiversity
Foredunes and
dunefields
Deep ploughing; this is a
review of different
methods
No data
–
9
MuñozReinoso
et al.
Spain
Overstabilization,
biodiversity
loss,
urbanization,
tourist pressure
Recovery of Juniperus
woodland
Dunefield
320 ha, 70,000 saplings were
planted; pine tree
clearings; hand removal
of Carpobrotus edulis
No data
Government
10
Pickart
USA
Invasive exotic
Restoring biotic and
abiotic processes
Foredune–blowout–
parabolic dune
complex
Hand removal of invasive
species Ammophila
arenaria
and
Carpobrotus chilensis
US$ 65,293/ha
Government;
public parks
11
Kutiel
Israel
Stabilization leads to
biodiversity loss
Restoring dune mobility
and increasing
biodiversity
Dunefield
Uprooting woody vegetation
with bulldozer
No data
Nature reserve
12
Acosta et al.
Italy
Human trampling
Vegetation recovery
Foredunes
Fencing to avoid human
trampling; natural
recovery of vegetation
US$ 962/ha
Government
13
Lubke
South
Africa
Mining for minerals:
total destruction
Recreate previously
existing natural
ecosystems
Dunefield
Building dunes, planting
plants and then
spontaneous restoration
No data
Private (mining
company)
14
MorenoCasasola
et al.
Mexico
Urbanization
Stabilization; preventing
sand from affecting
the city
Dunefield; parabolic
dunes
Planting with Casuarina
trees
No data
Government; port
authorities
15
Grootjans
et al.
Netherlands Overstabilization
leads to
biodiversity
loss; planting of
pine forests
Recover hydrological
regime and aeolian
dynamics; dune
vegetation
Foredunes; slacks
and dunefields
Mowing and grazing; sodcutting, re-wetting
US$ 12,053/ha
Water Company
(continued)
326
M. L. Martínez et al.