when all marram plants are destroyed and the marram seed bank is exhausted.
Thereafter, the DoC will need to undertake ongoing surveillance, involving annual
visits to the site and systematic searches for marram, including marine-dispersed
rhizome from the mainland. In this regard, the MEP will be on-going, although the
costs of these operations will be lower than at present.
Acknowledgments The research and work conducted at the Oakura and East End Beach sites in
the Taranaki Region was conducted while the first author was acting as a consultant and director
of Coastal and Environmental Services. Thanks to Lachlan Grant, who assisted Hesp with the
consulting, and Grant Porteous, Director of Parks, and Ken Shischka of the New Plymouth
District Council for their assistance and support. The research of Hilton and students on Stewart
Island, Rakiura National Park is supported by the Department of Conservation. Particular thanks
to Brent Beaven, Biodiversity Manager, and Al Check, Ranger-Biodiversity, Rakiura National
Park; and the DoC Southland Conservancy ‘‘Dune Restoration Advisory Group’’ (DRAG) for
invaluable support. Thanks to Marisa Martinez, Juan B. Gallego-Fernandez, and anonymous
referees for their fine critiques.
References
Aptekar R, Rejmánek M (2000) The effect of sea-water submergence on rhizome bud viability of
the introduced Ammophila arenaria and the native Leymus mollis in California. J Coast
Conserv 6:107–111
Batanouny KH (1999) The mediterranean coastal dunes in Egypt: an endangered landscape.
Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci 49(Suppl 1):3–9
Bergin DO, Ede FJ, Kimberley MO, Davidson T, Jamieson P (2000) Establishment of indigenous
sand binders on a reshaped foredune, Oakura Beach, New Plymouth. Unpublished report,
Forest Research, Rotorua, New Zealand, p 19
Carlton JT (1989) Man’s role in changing the face of the ocean: biological invasions and
implications for conservation of near-shore environments. Conserv Biol 3:265–273
Carter R, Hesp P, Nordstrom K (1990) Erosional landforms in coastal dunes. In: Nordstrom K,
Psuty N, Carter R (eds) Coastal dunes: form and process. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester,
pp 217–250
Cooper WS (1958) Coastal sand dunes of Oregon and Washington (Memoir 72). Geological
Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, p 85
El Banna ME and Frihy OE (2009) Human-induced changes in the geomorphology of the
northeastern coast of the Nile delta, Egypt. Geomorphology 107(1–2):72–78
Eppinga MB, Rietkerk M, Dekker SC, De Ruiter PC (2006) Accumulation of local pathogens: a
new hypothesis to explain exotic plant invasions. Oikos 114(1):168–176
Ferreira O, Dias JMA (1992) Dune erosion and shoreline retreat between Aveiro and Cape
Mondego (Portugal). Prediction of future evolution. Proceedings of the international coastal
conference, Kiel, pp 187–200
Gallego-Fernández JB, Sánchez IA, Ley C (2010) Restoration of isolated and small coastal sand
dunes on the rocky coast of northern Spain. Ecol Eng 37(2011):1822–1832
Gomez-Pina G, Munoz-Perez JJ, Ramirez JL, Ley C (2002) Sand dune management problems
and techniques, Spain. J Coast Res SI 36:325–332
Hart A, Hilton MJ, Wakes S, Dickinson K (2012) The impact of Ammophila foredune
development on downwind aerodynamics and parabolic dune development. J Coastal Res
28(1):112–122
90
P. A. Hesp and M. J. Hilton
Thereafter, the DoC will need to undertake ongoing surveillance, involving annual
visits to the site and systematic searches for marram, including marine-dispersed
rhizome from the mainland. In this regard, the MEP will be on-going, although the
costs of these operations will be lower than at present.
Acknowledgments The research and work conducted at the Oakura and East End Beach sites in
the Taranaki Region was conducted while the first author was acting as a consultant and director
of Coastal and Environmental Services. Thanks to Lachlan Grant, who assisted Hesp with the
consulting, and Grant Porteous, Director of Parks, and Ken Shischka of the New Plymouth
District Council for their assistance and support. The research of Hilton and students on Stewart
Island, Rakiura National Park is supported by the Department of Conservation. Particular thanks
to Brent Beaven, Biodiversity Manager, and Al Check, Ranger-Biodiversity, Rakiura National
Park; and the DoC Southland Conservancy ‘‘Dune Restoration Advisory Group’’ (DRAG) for
invaluable support. Thanks to Marisa Martinez, Juan B. Gallego-Fernandez, and anonymous
referees for their fine critiques.
References
Aptekar R, Rejmánek M (2000) The effect of sea-water submergence on rhizome bud viability of
the introduced Ammophila arenaria and the native Leymus mollis in California. J Coast
Conserv 6:107–111
Batanouny KH (1999) The mediterranean coastal dunes in Egypt: an endangered landscape.
Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci 49(Suppl 1):3–9
Bergin DO, Ede FJ, Kimberley MO, Davidson T, Jamieson P (2000) Establishment of indigenous
sand binders on a reshaped foredune, Oakura Beach, New Plymouth. Unpublished report,
Forest Research, Rotorua, New Zealand, p 19
Carlton JT (1989) Man’s role in changing the face of the ocean: biological invasions and
implications for conservation of near-shore environments. Conserv Biol 3:265–273
Carter R, Hesp P, Nordstrom K (1990) Erosional landforms in coastal dunes. In: Nordstrom K,
Psuty N, Carter R (eds) Coastal dunes: form and process. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester,
pp 217–250
Cooper WS (1958) Coastal sand dunes of Oregon and Washington (Memoir 72). Geological
Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, p 85
El Banna ME and Frihy OE (2009) Human-induced changes in the geomorphology of the
northeastern coast of the Nile delta, Egypt. Geomorphology 107(1–2):72–78
Eppinga MB, Rietkerk M, Dekker SC, De Ruiter PC (2006) Accumulation of local pathogens: a
new hypothesis to explain exotic plant invasions. Oikos 114(1):168–176
Ferreira O, Dias JMA (1992) Dune erosion and shoreline retreat between Aveiro and Cape
Mondego (Portugal). Prediction of future evolution. Proceedings of the international coastal
conference, Kiel, pp 187–200
Gallego-Fernández JB, Sánchez IA, Ley C (2010) Restoration of isolated and small coastal sand
dunes on the rocky coast of northern Spain. Ecol Eng 37(2011):1822–1832
Gomez-Pina G, Munoz-Perez JJ, Ramirez JL, Ley C (2002) Sand dune management problems
and techniques, Spain. J Coast Res SI 36:325–332
Hart A, Hilton MJ, Wakes S, Dickinson K (2012) The impact of Ammophila foredune
development on downwind aerodynamics and parabolic dune development. J Coastal Res
28(1):112–122
90
P. A. Hesp and M. J. Hilton