between natural and human-driven changes. This includes the needed interaction
between natural sciences aiming to understand global change due to human impacts
and social sciences aiming to clarify the human causes. Incentives are also evident
in the need for ocean science to address issues related to development of sustainable
ocean knowledge-based economies. Science leaders need to stimulate more cooperation at the global level between science networks and academies and drive for
more integration of scientific results into management. A great responsibility of the
cooperation concerns finding solutions to the identified problems, reduce uncertainties and deliver the results. However, an equally great responsibility rests with
funders of science to facilitate and streamline processes of funding, ensuring a
balance of support in terms of disciplines so as to avoid negative competition, as
well as finding adequate means for enhancing dialogue between the scientific
community and other sectors of society. The ocean science community has
shown that it can deliver solutions to problems of large social concern, from local
to global scales. An example includes the success in risk-reduction from natural
hazards resulting from the ocean, as cyclones, storm waves and tsunamis. The
impacts and public reactions of the tsunami in December 2004 triggered governments to call for and support development of tsunami warning systems in several
other basins, something which had been proposed by the IOC repeatedly. The
advances in dynamic coupled models make much improved forecasts on conditions
possible, as well as improved analyses of consequences of management interventions. This shows important results of scientific cooperation. These results also
provide further incentives for continued and strengthened cooperation internationally and between sciences. This includes technology transfer and infrastructure.
Success in this direction, however, also depends upon active participation, dedication, trust with open sharing of knowledge, ideas and experiences by leading
scientists such as professor Bologa and those involved in the formation of SCOR,
IOC and IOI.
References
Field JG, Hempel G, Summerhayes CP (eds) (2002) Oceans 2020: science, trends and the
challenges of sustainability. Island Press, Washington, DC
Gelcich S, Buckley P, Pinnegar JK, Chilvers J, Lorenzon I, Terry G, Guerro M, Castilla JC,
Valdebenito A, Duarte CM (2014) Public awareness, concerns, and priorities about anthropogenic impacts on marine environments. PNAS 111(42)
Hamblin JD (2005) Oceanographers and the cold war: disciples of marine science, vol 346.
University of Washington Press, Seattle, pp 978–0295997889
Holland G, Pugh D (eds) (2010) Troubled waters-ocean science and governance. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 316 pp. ISBN:978-0-521-76581-7
IOC (1984) Ocean science for the year 2000, UNESCO
IOC (2016) International decade of ocean science for sustainable development: towards the ocean
we need for the Future we want. IOC/INF-1341
IOC-UNESCO (1975) The international decade of ocean exploration (IDOE) 1971–1980. IOC
Technical Series no 13
32 Development of International Cooperation in Oceanography: Incentives from. . .
545
between natural sciences aiming to understand global change due to human impacts
and social sciences aiming to clarify the human causes. Incentives are also evident
in the need for ocean science to address issues related to development of sustainable
ocean knowledge-based economies. Science leaders need to stimulate more cooperation at the global level between science networks and academies and drive for
more integration of scientific results into management. A great responsibility of the
cooperation concerns finding solutions to the identified problems, reduce uncertainties and deliver the results. However, an equally great responsibility rests with
funders of science to facilitate and streamline processes of funding, ensuring a
balance of support in terms of disciplines so as to avoid negative competition, as
well as finding adequate means for enhancing dialogue between the scientific
community and other sectors of society. The ocean science community has
shown that it can deliver solutions to problems of large social concern, from local
to global scales. An example includes the success in risk-reduction from natural
hazards resulting from the ocean, as cyclones, storm waves and tsunamis. The
impacts and public reactions of the tsunami in December 2004 triggered governments to call for and support development of tsunami warning systems in several
other basins, something which had been proposed by the IOC repeatedly. The
advances in dynamic coupled models make much improved forecasts on conditions
possible, as well as improved analyses of consequences of management interventions. This shows important results of scientific cooperation. These results also
provide further incentives for continued and strengthened cooperation internationally and between sciences. This includes technology transfer and infrastructure.
Success in this direction, however, also depends upon active participation, dedication, trust with open sharing of knowledge, ideas and experiences by leading
scientists such as professor Bologa and those involved in the formation of SCOR,
IOC and IOI.
References
Field JG, Hempel G, Summerhayes CP (eds) (2002) Oceans 2020: science, trends and the
challenges of sustainability. Island Press, Washington, DC
Gelcich S, Buckley P, Pinnegar JK, Chilvers J, Lorenzon I, Terry G, Guerro M, Castilla JC,
Valdebenito A, Duarte CM (2014) Public awareness, concerns, and priorities about anthropogenic impacts on marine environments. PNAS 111(42)
Hamblin JD (2005) Oceanographers and the cold war: disciples of marine science, vol 346.
University of Washington Press, Seattle, pp 978–0295997889
Holland G, Pugh D (eds) (2010) Troubled waters-ocean science and governance. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 316 pp. ISBN:978-0-521-76581-7
IOC (1984) Ocean science for the year 2000, UNESCO
IOC (2016) International decade of ocean science for sustainable development: towards the ocean
we need for the Future we want. IOC/INF-1341
IOC-UNESCO (1975) The international decade of ocean exploration (IDOE) 1971–1980. IOC
Technical Series no 13
32 Development of International Cooperation in Oceanography: Incentives from. . .
545